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KRAS KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 3845, updated on 5-May-2025
Official Symbol
KRASprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:6407
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000133703 MIM:190070; AllianceGenome:HGNC:6407
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
NS; NS3; OES; CFC2; RALD; K-Ras; KRAS1; KRAS2; RASK2; KI-RAS; C-K-RAS; K-RAS2A; K-RAS2B; K-RAS4A; K-RAS4B; K-Ras 2; 'C-K-RAS; c-Ki-ras; c-Ki-ras2
Summary
This gene, a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family, encodes a protein that is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. A single amino acid substitution is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. Alternative splicing leads to variants encoding two isoforms that differ in the C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in colon (RPKM 7.8), brain (RPKM 7.5) and 25 other tissues See more
Orthologs
NEW
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See KRAS in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
12p12.1
Exon count:
7
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (25205246..25250929, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (25076496..25122152, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (25358180..25403863, complement)

Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor associated 2 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_26664 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25288649-25289148 Neighboring gene dynein axonemal intermediate chain 7 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25321883-25322516 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr12:25323195-25323341 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 6115 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124902899 Neighboring gene electron transfer flavoprotein regulatory factor 1 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_26705 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4293 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4294 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 6116 Neighboring gene NFE2L2 motif-containing MPRA enhancer 301/302 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105369701 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25517951-25518546 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25522046-25522546 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25522547-25523047 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:25538426-25539295 Neighboring gene RNA, U4 small nuclear 67, pseudogene

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Acute myeloid leukemia Compare labs
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4
MedGen: C2674723 OMIM: 614470 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 2
MedGen: C3809005 OMIM: 615278 GeneReviews: Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome
Compare labs
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
MedGen: C0917804 OMIM: 108010 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Cetuximab response
MedGen: CN077967 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Familial cancer of breast Compare labs
Familial pancreatic carcinoma
MedGen: C2931038 OMIM: 260350 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Gastric cancer
MedGen: C0024623 OMIM: 613659 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome
MedGen: C4552097 OMIM: 163200 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Lung cancer
MedGen: C0242379 OMIM: 211980 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Malignant tumor of urinary bladder
MedGen: C0005684 OMIM: 109800 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Noonan syndrome 3
MedGen: C1860991 OMIM: 609942 GeneReviews: Noonan Syndrome
Compare labs
Panitumumab response
MedGen: CN077999 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Toriello-Lacassie-Droste syndrome
MedGen: C1838329 OMIM: 600268 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) in human B cells PubMed
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env Pretreatment of cells with HIV-1 gp160 results in marked inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of p59(fyn), PLC-gamma1, ras activation, and TNF-alpha secretion in anti-CD3 mAb activated CD4+ T cells PubMed
env HIV-1 gp160 alone or CD4/gp160 cross-linking induces tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates p59fyn, zap 70, and p95vav and also leads to ras activation PubMed
Tat tat Treatment with HIV-1 Tat and cocaine activates Ras/Erk pathway in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells PubMed
tat NOX4-mediated K-Ras activation on the ER endomembrane results in Tat-induced unfolded-protein response PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables G protein activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables GDP binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables GDP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables GMP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables GTP binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables GTP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables GTPase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables GTPase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables GTPase activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
enables GTPase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
enables LRR domain binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables hydrolase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables nucleotide binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables protein-containing complex binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables protein-membrane adaptor activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in MAPK cascade TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
acts_upstream_of Rac protein signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in Ras protein signal transduction IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within Ras protein signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within actin cytoskeleton organization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cardiac muscle cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of cell population proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in female pregnancy IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within forebrain astrocyte development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within gene expression IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of glial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in liver development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in myoblast proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of neuron apoptotic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of cellular senescence IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of gene expression IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of glial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to glucocorticoid IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to gravity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to isolation stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to mineralocorticoid IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within skeletal muscle cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within striated muscle cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of type I pneumocyte differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within visual learning IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in Golgi membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in cytosol IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
located_in endomembrane system IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
located_in focal adhesion HDA PubMed 
located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
located_in membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in mitochondrial outer membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in plasma membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in plasma membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
Preferred Names
GTPase KRas
Names
K-ras p21 protein
KRAS-ENOPH fusion
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral proto-oncogene
Kras-Enoph1 fusion protein
PR310 c-K-ras oncogene
c-Kirsten-ras protein
cellular c-Ki-ras2 proto-oncogene
cellular transforming proto-oncogene
oncogene KRAS2
proto-oncogene GTPase
transforming protein p21
v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog
NP_001356715.1
NP_001356716.1
NP_004976.2
NP_203524.1
XP_047284782.1
XP_054227990.1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_007524.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5075..50758
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_344

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001369786.1NP_001356715.1  GTPase KRas isoform a

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC087239, AC092794, KF459678
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8703.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A8K8Z5, B0LPF9, P01116, P01118, Q96D10
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    L7RSL8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd04138
    Location:3164
    H_N_K_Ras_like; Ras GTPase family containing H-Ras,N-Ras and K-Ras4A/4B
  2. NM_001369787.1NP_001356716.1  GTPase KRas isoform b

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC087239, AC092794
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8702.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A3G1LBH1
    Related
    ENSP00000508921.1, ENST00000685328.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd04138
    Location:3164
    H_N_K_Ras_like; Ras GTPase family containing H-Ras,N-Ras and K-Ras4A/4B
  3. NM_004985.5NP_004976.2  GTPase KRas isoform b

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004976.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (b) is composed of five exons and lacks exon 4a which the longer transcript variant (a) includes. This predominant variant (b) has a cds that terminates in exon 4b and encodes isoform b.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC092794, AK292510, M54968
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8702.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A3G1LBH1
    Related
    ENSP00000308495.3, ENST00000311936.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd04138
    Location:3164
    H_N_K_Ras_like; Ras GTPase family containing H-Ras,N-Ras and K-Ras4A/4B
  4. NM_033360.4NP_203524.1  GTPase KRas isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_203524.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (a) is composed of six exons, including exon 4a, which the shorter transcript variant (b) lacks. This rare variant (a) has a cds that terminates in exon 4a and encodes a unique C-terminus, compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC087239, AC092794, KF459678
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8703.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A8K8Z5, B0LPF9, P01116, P01118, Q96D10
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    L7RSL8
    Related
    ENSP00000256078.5, ENST00000256078.10
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd04138
    Location:3164
    H_N_K_Ras_like; Ras GTPase family containing H-Ras,N-Ras and K-Ras4A/4B

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    25205246..25250929 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_047428826.1XP_047284782.1  GTPase KRas isoform X1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A3G1LBH1

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    25076496..25122152 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054372015.1XP_054227990.1  GTPase KRas isoform X1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A3G1LBH1