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SERPINE1 serpin family E member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 5054, updated on 9-Sep-2025
Official Symbol
SERPINE1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
serpin family E member 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:8583
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000106366 MIM:173360; AllianceGenome:HGNC:8583
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
PAI; PAI1; PAI-1; PLANH1
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. This member is the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), and hence is an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. The protein also functions as a component of innate antiviral immunity. Defects in this gene are the cause of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency (PAI-1 deficiency), and high concentrations of the gene product are associated with thrombophilia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]
Annotation information
Note: This gene has been reviewed for its involvement in coronavirus biology, and is involved in immune response or antiviral activity.
Expression
Biased expression in gall bladder (RPKM 208.8), placenta (RPKM 164.7) and 7 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table
See SERPINE1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
7q22.1
Exon count:
9
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 7 NC_000007.14 (101127104..101139247)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 7 NC_060931.1 (102449908..102462056)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 7 NC_000007.13 (100770385..100782528)

Chromosome 7 - NC_000007.14Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene mucin 17, cell surface associated Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100709117-100709986 Neighboring gene RN7SK pseudogene 54 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100727119-100727619 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 26398 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100730454-100731094 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100731095-100731734 Neighboring gene tripartite motif containing 56 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100742673-100743380 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100743381-100744088 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100751090-100752040 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100752041-100752991 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100755193-100755694 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100760705-100761406 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100765023-100765642 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100766263-100766880 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100769261-100770040 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100770821-100771600 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100771601-100772380 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100778603-100779104 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100781393-100782168 Neighboring gene negCOR silencer S6 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 5920 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100798163-100798663 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr7:100799642-100800841 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 18475 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 18476 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 18477 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 18478 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr7:100812095-100812265 Neighboring gene adaptor related protein complex 1 subunit sigma 1 Neighboring gene microRNA 4653 Neighboring gene VGF nerve growth factor inducible

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. No association between the 4g/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene promoter and autistic disorder. Persico AM, et al. Psychiatr Genet, 2001 Jun. PMID 11525425
  2. Hypofibrinolysis, thrombophilia, osteonecrosis. Glueck CJ, et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2001 May. PMID 11347834
  3. Allele-specific transcription of the PAI-1 gene in human astrocytes. Hultman K, et al. Thromb Haemost, 2010 Nov. PMID 20806116
  4. Association of PAI-1 gene polymorphism with survival and chemotherapy-related vascular toxicity in testicular cancer. de Haas EC, et al. Cancer, 2010 Dec 15. PMID 20737565
  5. Failure to lyse venous thrombi because of elevated plasminogen activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and 4G polymorphism of its promotor genome (The PAI-1/4G Syndrome). Bern MM, et al. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2010 Oct. PMID 20724304

See all (1546) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Suppressing Expression of SERPINE1/PAI1 Through Activation of GPER1 Reduces Progression of Vulvar Carcinoma.
    Title: Suppressing Expression of SERPINE1/PAI1 Through Activation of GPER1 Reduces Progression of Vulvar Carcinoma.
  2. Glial-Cell-Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Migration and Invasion via the SMAD2/3-SERPINE1-Signaling Axis.
    Title: Glial-Cell-Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Migration and Invasion via the SMAD2/3-SERPINE1-Signaling Axis.
  3. PAI-1 Regulates the Cytoskeleton and Intrinsic Stiffness of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.
    Title: PAI-1 Regulates the Cytoskeleton and Intrinsic Stiffness of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.
  4. The influence of 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 promoter on COVID-19 severity and endothelial dysfunction.
    Title: The influence of 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 promoter on COVID-19 severity and endothelial dysfunction.
  5. Genetic Polymorphisms of GP1BA, PEAR1, and PAI-1 may be Associated with Serum sIgE and Blood Eosinophil Levels in Chinese Patients with Allergic Diseases.
    Title: Genetic Polymorphisms of GP1BA, PEAR1, and PAI-1 may be Associated with Serum sIgE and Blood Eosinophil Levels in Chinese Patients with Allergic Diseases.
  6. SERPINE1 and MTHFR genetic variants in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source: links with fibrin clot properties.
    Title: SERPINE1 and MTHFR genetic variants in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source: links with fibrin clot properties.
  7. PAI-1 mediates acquired resistance to MET-targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer.
    Title: PAI-1 mediates acquired resistance to MET-targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer.
  8. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes immune evasion in tumors by facilitating the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1.
    Title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes immune evasion in tumors by facilitating the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1.
  9. Interleukin-1 increases SERPINE1 expression in human granulosa-lutein cell via P50/P52 signaling pathways.
    Title: Interleukin-1 increases SERPINE1 expression in human granulosa-lutein cell via P50/P52 signaling pathways.
  10. Thrombotic risk assessed by PAI-1 in patients with COVID-19: The influence of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.
    Title: Thrombotic risk assessed by PAI-1 in patients with COVID-19: The influence of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (1155)

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association study for circulating levels of PAI-1 provides novel insights into its regulation.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide association study for circulating tissue plasminogen activator levels and functional follow-up implicates endothelial STXBP5 and STX2.
EBI GWAS Catalog

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Pr55(Gag) gag Cellular biotinylated serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1 (SERPINE1) protein is incorporated into HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles PubMed
Tat tat HIV-1 Tat has been shown to activate central nervous system-derived endothelial cells by the upregulation of E-selectin, IL-6 and PAI-1 PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat affects the fibrinolytic activity of tumor cell lines derived from BKV/tat-transgenic mice by upregulating/modulating the production of both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) PubMed
Vpr vpr Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr upregulates secretion of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and MIF and downregulates secretion of serpin E1, a serine proteinase inhibitor (known as PAI-1) PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables peptidase inhibitor activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables protease binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables signaling receptor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in angiogenesis IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in dentinogenesis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in fibrinolysis TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of blood coagulation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of cell migration IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of fibrinolysis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of fibrinolysis NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of plasminogen activation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of plasminogen activation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of plasminogen activation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of plasminogen activation NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of proteolysis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of proteolysis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of vascular wound healing IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of vascular wound healing IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of wound healing IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of blood coagulation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of coagulation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of inflammatory response IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of interleukin-8 production IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of odontoblast differentiation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in replicative senescence IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to bacterium IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in extracellular exosome IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
colocalizes_with extracellular matrix HDA PubMed 
located_in extracellular matrix HDA PubMed 
located_in extracellular matrix IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular region IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular region IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in extracellular region TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
part_of peptidase inhibitor complex IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
located_in plasma membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in platelet alpha granule lumen TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
part_of serine protease inhibitor complex IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Preferred Names
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
Names
endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor
serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1
serpin E1
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_013213.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    4992..17169
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_597

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000602.5 → NP_000593.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000593.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AI752990, BC010860, CN309001, M16006
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS5711.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z4S0, F8WD53, P05121
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Related
    ENSP00000223095.4, ENST00000223095.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 402
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  2. NM_001386456.1 → NP_001373385.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl38926
    Location:1 → 318
    serpin; SERine Proteinase INhibitors (serpin) family

  3. NM_001386457.1 → NP_001373386.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 4 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl38926
    Location:29 → 338
    serpin; SERine Proteinase INhibitors (serpin) family

  4. NM_001386458.1 → NP_001373387.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 5 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 409
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  5. NM_001386459.1 → NP_001373388.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 6 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 398
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  6. NM_001386460.1 → NP_001373389.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 1 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 393
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  7. NM_001386461.1 → NP_001373390.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 7 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl38926
    Location:29 → 366
    serpin; SERine Proteinase INhibitors (serpin) family

  8. NM_001386462.1 → NP_001373391.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 8

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6, B7ZAB0
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl38926
    Location:1 → 335
    serpin; SERine Proteinase INhibitors (serpin) family

  9. NM_001386463.1 → NP_001373392.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 9 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:27 → 400
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  10. NM_001386464.1 → NP_001373393.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 10 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 390
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  11. NM_001386465.1 → NP_001373394.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 11 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Related
    ENSP00000620121.1, ENST00000950062.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 407
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

  12. NM_001386466.1 → NP_001373395.1  plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 isoform 12 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC004876
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z4X6
    Related
    ENSP00000620119.1, ENST00000950060.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02051
    Location:29 → 410
    serpinE1_PAI-1; serpin family E member 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000007.14 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    101127104..101139247
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060931.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    102449908..102462056
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_001165413.2: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_001165413.2: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript and the protein.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P05121.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P05121

Gene LinkOut

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