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BEST1 bestrophin 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 7439, updated on 13-Sep-2025
Official Symbol
BEST1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
bestrophin 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:12703
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000167995 MIM:607854; AllianceGenome:HGNC:12703
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
ARB; BMD; BEST; RP50; VMD2; TU15B; Best1V1Delta2
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the bestrophin gene family. This small gene family is characterized by proteins with a highly conserved N-terminus with four to six transmembrane domains. Bestrophins may form chloride ion channels or may regulate voltage-gated L-type calcium-ion channels. Bestrophins are generally believed to form calcium-activated chloride-ion channels in epithelial cells but they have also been shown to be highly permeable to bicarbonate ion transport in retinal tissue. Mutations in this gene are responsible for juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD2), also known as Best macular dystrophy, in addition to adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) and other retinopathies. Alternative splicing results in multiple variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]
Expression
Broad expression in brain (RPKM 5.3), appendix (RPKM 3.0) and 23 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
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See BEST1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
11q12.3
Exon count:
13
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 11 NC_000011.10 (61949821..61965515)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 11 NC_060935.1 (61938644..61954340)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 11 NC_000011.9 (61717293..61732987)

Chromosome 11 - NC_000011.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61646639-61647348 Neighboring gene fatty acid desaturase 3 Neighboring gene microRNA 6746 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61655245-61655746 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61657348-61658037 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61658038-61658726 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3407 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3408 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61666908-61667879 Neighboring gene RAB3A interacting protein like 1 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 8487 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:61705992-61706140 Neighboring gene RNA, U6 small nuclear 1243, pseudogene Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61709325-61709979 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61711149-61711650 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:61713521-61713684 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107984334 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4806 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3409 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3410 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4807 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4808 Neighboring gene NFE2L2 motif-containing MPRA enhancer 20 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4809 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC399900 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:61745853-61746069 Neighboring gene ferritin heavy chain 1 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:61768209-61768961 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 37

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. OCT findings in young asymptomatic subjects carrying familial BEST1 gene mutations. Chacon-Camacho OF, et al. Ophthalmic Genet, 2011 Mar. PMID 21077756
  2. A homozygous frameshift mutation in BEST1 causes the classical form of Best disease in an autosomal recessive mode. Bitner H, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011 Jul 18. PMID 21467170
  3. The spectrum of subclinical Best vitelliform macular dystrophy in subjects with mutations in BEST1 gene. Querques G, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011 Jun 28. PMID 21436265
  4. Functional characterization of bestrophin-1 missense mutations associated with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy. Davidson AE, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011 Jun 1. PMID 21330666
  5. Autosomal recessive best vitelliform macular dystrophy: report of a family and management of early-onset neovascular complications. Iannaccone A, et al. Arch Ophthalmol, 2011 Feb. PMID 21320969

See all (196) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. GAD65 tunes the functions of Best1 as a GABA receptor and a neurotransmitter conducting channel.
    Title: GAD65 tunes the functions of Best1 as a GABA receptor and a neurotransmitter conducting channel.
  2. The Retinal Phenotype Associated with the p.Pro101Thr BEST1 Variant.
    Title: The Retinal Phenotype Associated with the p.Pro101Thr BEST1 Variant.
  3. Typical best vitelliform dystrophy secondary to biallelic variants in BEST1.
    Title: Typical best vitelliform dystrophy secondary to biallelic variants in BEST1.
  4. Comprehensive Genetic Analysis Unraveled the Missing Heritability and a Founder Variant of BEST1 in a Chinese Cohort With Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy.
    Title: Comprehensive Genetic Analysis Unraveled the Missing Heritability and a Founder Variant of BEST1 in a Chinese Cohort With Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy.
  5. A novel compound heterozygous BEST1 gene mutation in two siblings causing autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy.
    Title: A novel compound heterozygous BEST1 gene mutation in two siblings causing autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy.
  6. Photoreceptor function and structure in retinal degenerations caused by biallelic BEST1 mutations.
    Title: Photoreceptor function and structure in retinal degenerations caused by biallelic BEST1 mutations.
  7. BEST1 novel mutation causes Bestrophinopathies in six families with distinct phenotypic diversity.
    Title: BEST1 novel mutation causes Bestrophinopathies in six families with distinct phenotypic diversity.
  8. Genetic and clinical features of BEST1-associated retinopathy based on 59 Chinese families and database comparisons.
    Title: Genetic and clinical features of BEST1-associated retinopathy based on 59 Chinese families and database comparisons.
  9. Impaired Bestrophin Channel Activity in an iPSC-RPE Model of Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (BVMD) from an Early Onset Patient Carrying the P77S Dominant Mutation.
    Title: Impaired Bestrophin Channel Activity in an iPSC-RPE Model of Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (BVMD) from an Early Onset Patient Carrying the P77S Dominant Mutation.
  10. Self-organization and surface properties of hBest1 in models of biological membranes.
    Title: Self-organization and surface properties of hBest1 in models of biological membranes.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (155)

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genetic loci associated with plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE Consortium.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide association study of circulating estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin in postmenopausal women.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide association study of plasma N6 polyunsaturated fatty acids within the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium.
EBI GWAS Catalog

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables bicarbonate channel activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables channel activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
contributes_to chloride channel activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables chloride channel activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables chloride channel activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables chloride channel activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables intracellularly calcium-gated chloride channel activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables intracellularly calcium-gated chloride channel activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables ligand-gated channel activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables ligand-gated channel activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in bicarbonate transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in chloride transmembrane transport IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within chloride transport IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in chloride transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in glutamate secretion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in glutamate secretion ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in monoatomic ion transmembrane transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in monoatomic ion transmembrane transport TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
involved_in monoatomic ion transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in protein complex oligomerization IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of calcium ion transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in regulation of synaptic plasticity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in regulation of synaptic plasticity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in transepithelial chloride transport IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in visual perception IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in visual perception TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in basal plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in basolateral plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in basolateral plasma membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
part_of chloride channel complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
part_of chloride channel complex IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in membrane microdomain IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in membrane microdomain ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in plasma membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in presynapse IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Preferred Names
bestrophin-1
Names
Best disease
vitelliform macular dystrophy protein 2

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_009033.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5468..19578
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001139443.3 → NP_001132915.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001132915.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS44623.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J7LCD9
    Related
    ENSP00000399709.2, ENST00000449131.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:16 → 255
    Bestrophin; Bestrophin, RFP-TM, chloride channel

  2. NM_001300786.2 → NP_001287715.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 3

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001287715.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an alternate in-frame exon and differs in the 3' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (3) lacks an alternate internal segment and has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 2.
    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733, BC015220
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A0S2Z4M4, J7LCD9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:16 → 231
    Bestrophin; Bestrophin, RFP-TM, chloride channel

  3. NM_001300787.2 → NP_001287716.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 4

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001287716.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 3' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (4) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 2.
    Source sequence(s)
    AK295998, AP003733, BC015220
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A0S2Z579, J7LCD9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:16 → 256
    Bestrophin; RFP-TM, chloride channel

  4. NM_001363591.3 → NP_001350520.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 5

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J7LCD9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:3 → 210
    Bestrophin; RFP-TM, chloride channel

  5. NM_001363592.2 → NP_001350521.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 6

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS86208.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A0C4DGE9, B7Z336
    Related
    ENSP00000432681.1, ENST00000524926.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:9 → 291
    Bestrophin; Bestrophin, RFP-TM, chloride channel

  6. NM_001363593.3 → NP_001350522.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 7

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z5C9

  7. NM_001440571.1 → NP_001427500.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 8

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733

  8. NM_001440572.1 → NP_001427501.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 9

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733

  9. NM_001440573.1 → NP_001427502.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 10

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733

  10. NM_001440574.1 → NP_001427503.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 11

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J7LCD9

  11. NM_001440575.1 → NP_001427504.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 12

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A0S2Z4J9

  12. NM_001440576.1 → NP_001427505.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 13

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AP003733
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A0S2Z4J9

  13. NM_004183.4 → NP_004174.1  bestrophin-1 isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004174.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and in the 3' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (1) is longer at the N-terminus and has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 2.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF057169, BC015220
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS31580.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A8K0W6, B7Z3J8, B7Z736, O75904, O76090, Q53YQ9, Q8IUR9, Q8IZ80
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J7LCD9
    Related
    ENSP00000367282.4, ENST00000378043.9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:9 → 315
    Bestrophin; Bestrophin, RFP-TM, chloride channel

RNA

  1. NR_134580.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) contains an alternate exon, uses an alternate internal splice junction, and differs in the 3' end compared to variant 2. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most expected translational start codon renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
    Source sequence(s)
    AF057170, AP003733, BC015220

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000011.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    61949821..61965515
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_005274221.5 → XP_005274278.1  bestrophin-1 isoform X3

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005274278.1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z375, E9PDT5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01062
    Location:9 → 238
    Bestrophin; Bestrophin, RFP-TM, chloride channel

  2. XM_047427523.1 → XP_047283479.1  bestrophin-1 isoform X2

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060935.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    61938644..61954340
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054369821.1 → XP_054225796.1  bestrophin-1 isoform X3

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B7Z375, E9PDT5

  2. XM_054369820.1 → XP_054225795.1  bestrophin-1 isoform X2

Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
O76090.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O76090

Gene LinkOut

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