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MX1 MX dynamin like GTPase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 4599, updated on 6-Sep-2021

Summary

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Official Symbol
MX1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
MX dynamin like GTPase 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:7532
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000157601 MIM:147150
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
MX; MxA; IFI78; IFI-78K; lncMX1-215
Summary
This gene encodes a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-metabolizing protein that participates in the cellular antiviral response. The encoded protein is induced by type I and type II interferons and antagonizes the replication process of several different RNA and DNA viruses. There is a related gene located adjacent to this gene on chromosome 21, and there are multiple pseudogenes located in a cluster on chromosome 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in spleen (RPKM 25.6), salivary gland (RPKM 13.5) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
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Genomic context

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See MX1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
21q22.3
Exon count:
24
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
109.20210514 current GRCh38.p13 (GCF_000001405.39) 21 NC_000021.9 (41420329..41459214)
105.20201022 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 21 NC_000021.8 (42792485..42831141)

Chromosome 21 - NC_000021.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene FAM3 metabolism regulating signaling molecule B Neighboring gene MX dynamin like GTPase 2 Neighboring gene transmembrane serine protease 2 Neighboring gene transmembrane protease serine 2 breakpoint cluster recombination region Neighboring gene TMPRSS2 promoter region

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Rare variant MX1 alleles increase human susceptibility to zoonotic H7N9 influenza virus. Chen Y, et al. Science, 2021 Aug 20. PMID 34413236
  2. Subcellular Localization of MxB Determines Its Antiviral Potential against Influenza A Virus. Steiner F, et al. J Virol, 2020 Oct 27. PMID 32907985, Free PMC Article
  3. Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) is an independent predictor of poor outcome in invasive breast cancer. Aljohani AI, et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2020 Jun. PMID 32350677, Free PMC Article
  4. Combinatorial mutagenesis of rapidly evolving residues yields super-restrictor antiviral proteins. Colón-Thillet R, et al. PLoS Biol, 2019 Oct. PMID 31574080, Free PMC Article
  5. Human Antiviral Protein MxA Forms Novel Metastable Membraneless Cytoplasmic Condensates Exhibiting Rapid Reversible Tonicity-Driven Phase Transitions. Davis D, et al. J Virol, 2019 Nov 15. PMID 31484749, Free PMC Article

See all (211) citations in PubMed

See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Rare variant MX1 alleles increase human susceptibility to zoonotic H7N9 influenza virus.
    Title: Rare variant <i>MX1</i> alleles increase human susceptibility to zoonotic H7N9 influenza virus.
  2. Genetic Susceptibility to Life-threatening Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Previously Healthy Infants.
    Title: Genetic Susceptibility to Life-threatening Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Previously Healthy Infants.
  3. Myxovirus Resistance Protein 1 (MX1), a Novel HO-1 Interactor, Tilts the Balance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress towards Pro-Death Events in Prostate Cancer.
    Title: Myxovirus Resistance Protein 1 (MX1), a Novel HO-1 Interactor, Tilts the Balance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress towards Pro-Death Events in Prostate Cancer.
  4. Intrahepatic immune changes after hepatitis c virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral therapy.
    Title: Intrahepatic immune changes after hepatitis c virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral therapy.
  5. A MicroRNA Network Controls Legionella pneumophila Replication in Human Macrophages via LGALS8 and MX1.
    Title: A MicroRNA Network Controls <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Replication in Human Macrophages via LGALS8 and MX1.
  6. Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) is an independent predictor of poor outcome in invasive breast cancer.
    Title: Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) is an independent predictor of poor outcome in invasive breast cancer.
  7. Subcellular Localization of MxB Determines Its Antiviral Potential against Influenza A Virus.
    Title: Subcellular Localization of MxB Determines Its Antiviral Potential against Influenza A Virus.
  8. Expression of myxovirus-resistance protein A: a possible marker of muscle disease activity and autoantibody specificities in juvenile dermatomyositis.
    Title: Expression of myxovirus-resistance protein A: a possible marker of muscle disease activity and autoantibody specificities in juvenile dermatomyositis.
  9. New data correct a long-standing misinterpretation in the MxA literature and provide evidence for membraneless MxA biomolecular condensates in the uninfected cell cytoplasm.
    Title: Human Antiviral Protein MxA Forms Novel Metastable Membraneless Cytoplasmic Condensates Exhibiting Rapid Reversible Tonicity-Driven Phase Transitions.
  10. Rapidly evolving MxA residues yield super-restrictor antiviral proteins.
    Title: Combinatorial mutagenesis of rapidly evolving residues yields super-restrictor antiviral proteins.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (142)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Loci associated with N-glycosylation of human immunoglobulin G show pleiotropy with autoimmune diseases and haematological cancers.
GeneReviews: Not available

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
HIV-1 replication is restricted by wild type MX1 (MxA); restriction is dependent on amino acids M527 in MX1 as assayed in U87-MG CD4+ CXCR4+ cells PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Tat tat HIV-1 and the viral protein Tat modulate the expression of MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (MX1; MxA; IFI78) in immature dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages PubMed
tat Microarray analysis indicates HIV-1 Tat upregulates the interferon-responsive gene expression of many proteins, including MX1, in immature dendritic cells, an effect that likely facilitates the expansion of HIV-1 infection PubMed
Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr upregulates the gene expression of MX1 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr upregulates the gene expression of MX1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr downregulates MX1 expression in human glial cells PubMed
Vpu vpu The expression of MX1 is enhanced in Vpu-deficient HIV-1-infected cells as compared to that in wild-type-infected cells PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables GTP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables GTPase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables microtubule binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in antiviral innate immune response IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in apoptotic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to virus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to virus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in innate immune response TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of viral genome replication IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to type I interferon TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to virus IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in signal transduction TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytosol HDA PubMed 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
is_active_in membrane IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
is_active_in microtubule IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nuclear membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
is_active_in nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1
Names
interferon-induced protein p78
interferon-inducible protein p78
interferon-regulated resistance GTP-binding protein MxA
myxoma resistance protein 1
myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_027788.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    4966..43622
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001144925.2 → NP_001138397.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001138397.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1, also known as T0) represents the longest transcript and encodes isoform a. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK096355, BC032602, DA726666, EB388095, M33882
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13673.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000381601.2, ENST00000398600.6
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  2. NM_001178046.3 → NP_001171517.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001171517.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks five exons and contains an alternate terminal exon in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK315465, BC032602, EB388095, M33882
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13673.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000410523.2, ENST00000455164.6
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  3. NM_001282920.1 → NP_001269849.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform b

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks three exons in the 3' coding region, which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b, also known as varMxA) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform a. This variant is supported by data in PMID: 20603636.
    Source sequence(s)
    BC032602, EB388095, M33882
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS74796.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000478441.1, ENST00000619682.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    COG0699
    Location:130 → 357
    CrfC; Replication fork clamp-binding protein CrfC (dynamin-like GTPase family) [Replication, recombination and repair]
    pfam01031
    Location:261 → 424
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  4. NM_002462.5 → NP_002453.2  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002453.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2, also known as T1) lacks three exons and contains an alternate terminal exon in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    BC032602, EB388095, M33882
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13673.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000381599.3, ENST00000398598.8
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Updated Annotation Release 109.20210514

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p13 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000021.9 Reference GRCh38.p13 Primary Assembly

    Range
    41420329..41459214
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_011529568.2 → XP_011527870.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011527870.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000506395.1, ENST00000680182.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  2. XM_017028349.2 → XP_016883838.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000506690.1, ENST00000681867.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  3. XM_017028350.1 → XP_016883839.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000506372.1, ENST00000679705.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  4. XM_005260979.2 → XP_005261036.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261036.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000392151.2, ENST00000419044.6
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  5. XM_017028351.2 → XP_016883840.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X2

    Related
    ENSP00000400923.2, ENST00000424365.6
    Conserved Domains (4) summary
    smart00302
    Location:518 → 607
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    COG0699
    Location:130 → 357
    CrfC; Replication fork clamp-binding protein CrfC (dynamin-like GTPase family) [Replication, recombination and repair]
    pfam01031
    Location:261 → 493
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  6. XM_005260980.2 → XP_005261037.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261037.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000506348.1, ENST00000681266.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  7. XM_005260981.2 → XP_005261038.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261038.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000505051.1, ENST00000681849.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  8. XM_005260982.2 → XP_005261039.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261039.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000402215.2, ENST00000417963.6
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  9. XM_017028352.1 → XP_016883841.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X2

    Related
    ENSP00000505269.1, ENST00000679408.1
    Conserved Domains (4) summary
    smart00302
    Location:518 → 607
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    COG0699
    Location:130 → 357
    CrfC; Replication fork clamp-binding protein CrfC (dynamin-like GTPase family) [Replication, recombination and repair]
    pfam01031
    Location:261 → 493
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  10. XM_005260978.4 → XP_005261035.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261035.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P20591
    Related
    ENSP00000506512.1, ENST00000680776.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00302
    Location:571 → 660
    GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    pfam01031
    Location:260 → 546
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

  11. XM_011529570.3 → XP_011527872.1  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X3

    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd08771
    Location:68 → 340
    DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins
    COG0699
    Location:130 → 357
    CrfC; Replication fork clamp-binding protein CrfC (dynamin-like GTPase family) [Replication, recombination and repair]
    pfam01031
    Location:261 → 425
    Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P20591.4 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P20591

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