Tnp1 transition protein 1 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Tnp1provided by MGI
Official Full Name: transition protein 1provided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:98784
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000026182 AllianceGenome:MGI:98784
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: TP1; Tp-1; Stp-1
Summary: Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of protein processing and sperm DNA condensation. Acts upstream of or within spermatogenesis. Located in nucleus. Part of nucleosome. Is expressed in testis. Orthologous to human TNP1 (transition protein 1). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025]
Expression: Restricted expression toward testis adult (RPKM 1508.1) See more
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 1 C3; 1 36.94 cM

Exon count:: 2

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	1	NC_000067.7 (73054233..73055058, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	1	NC_000067.6 (73015074..73015899, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000067.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

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Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Tnp1, Tekt1, and Plzf have essential roles in spermatogenesis and can be expressed during organ culture of testis; with this system, genes can be induced only at the molecular level and not beyond meiosis.
Title: Study of Tnp1, Tekt1, and Plzf Genes Expression During an in vitro Three-Dimensional Neonatal Male Mice Testis Culture.
JHDM2A directly binds to and controls the expression of transition nuclear protein 1 (Tnp1) and protamine 1 (Prm1) genes, the products of which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin
Title: Histone demethylase JHDM2A is critical for Tnp1 and Prm1 transcription and spermatogenesis.
TPs are required for normal chromatin condensation, for reducing the number of DNA breaks, and for preventing the formation of secondary defects in spermatozoa, eventual loss of genomic integrity, and sterility
Title: Transition nuclear proteins are required for normal chromatin condensation and functional sperm development.
The elevated levels of the remaining TP in Tnp-mutant mice appeared to be a consequence of the prolonged nucleus retention, rather than increased synthesis.
Title: Nucleoprotein transitions during spermiogenesis in mice with transition nuclear protein Tnp1 and Tnp2 mutations.
Epididymal sperm from the Tnp1 null genotypes demonstrated a general decrease in normal morphology, motility, chromatin condensation, and degree of protamine 2 processing with decreasing levels of transition proteins in mutant sperm.
Title: Abnormalities and reduced reproductive potential of sperm from Tnp1- and Tnp2-null double mutant mice.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Endonuclease-mediated (2)
Targeted (1) 1 citation

General gene information

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Markers

PMC18293P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271682

X12521 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:158807

X12521 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:158808

Tnp1 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:526985

PMC141152P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270992

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables DNA binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables DNA binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables DNA binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in cell differentiation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in chromatin remodeling	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in chromatin remodeling	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in chromatin remodeling	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in chromatin remodeling	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in flagellated sperm motility	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in flagellated sperm motility	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in flagellated sperm motility	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in heterochromatin formation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in heterochromatin formation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in nucleosome disassembly	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in nucleosome disassembly	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in nucleosome disassembly	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of protein processing	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sexual reproduction	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in single strand break repair	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in single strand break repair	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in single strand break repair	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in sperm DNA condensation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in spermatid development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in spermatid development	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in spermatid development	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in spermatid nucleus elongation	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in spermatid nucleus elongation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in spermatid nucleus elongation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in spermatid nucleus elongation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in spermatogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within spermatogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in chromosome	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in male germ cell nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in male germ cell nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in male germ cell nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in male germ cell nucleus	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
part_of nucleosome	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
part_of nucleosome	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
part_of nucleosome	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
part_of nucleosome	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
part_of nucleosome	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in nucleus	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: spermatid nuclear transition protein 1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.