This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
![Cover of StatPearls](/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png)
StatPearls [Internet].
Show detailsContinuing Education Activity
This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance the learners' competence in using pyridoxine, both as a vitamin supplement and as a medication for specific conditions. Pyridoxine primarily treats vitamin B6 deficiency and helps alleviate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It exists in various forms, including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, which convert into the active coenzyme pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP or P5P) in the body. In addition to its primary indications, pyridoxine is also utilized in treating vitamin B6 dependency syndromes and, controversially, in certain other disorders. This activity will highlight the indications, mechanism of action, potential adverse effects, monitoring considerations, and contraindications associated with pyridoxine use. Furthermore, it will provide essential information on key factors such as off-label uses, dosing, administration routes, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, monitoring protocols, and relevant drug interactions. This knowledge will be pertinent for healthcare professionals working collaboratively as members of the interprofessional team, ensuring optimal care for patients with vitamin B6 deficiency and other related conditions.
Objectives:
- Identify the approved and off-label indications of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).
- Monitor for the potential adverse effects of vitamin B6.
- Assess the importance of vitamin B6 in the management of several diseases.
- Coordinate and communicate with interprofessional team members to optimize care for patients receiving pyridoxine.
Indications
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble substance that converts inside the body into essential coenzymes for more than 100 enzymes in the human body.
Vitamin B6 has three natural forms: pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxamine (PM), all of which transform into its active forms in the body, which is the coenzyme pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP or P5P).[1][2] PLP, the active molecule in the body, mainly serves as a coenzyme in amino acid, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, in addition to neurotransmitter synthesis.[1] Vitamin B6 is also involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.[3][4]
There are only 2 FDA-approved drugs containing pyridoxine or its analogs; the first is a combination of several vitamins, including B6, indicated for the prevention of vitamin deficiency in pediatric and adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition, and the second is a combination of doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride (a vitamin B6 analog) in oral tablet form for treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy that does not respond to conservative management.[5][6]
Vitamin B6 is indicated in cases of its deficiency, which may be due to poor renal function, autoimmune diseases, increased alcohol intake, or isoniazid, cycloserine, valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine, primidone, hydralazine, and theophylline therapy.[7][8][9][10][11] Inadequate vitamin B6 intake is a rare cause of deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency can be observed clinically as seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia, dental decay, glossitis, epileptiform convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, depression, confusion, and weakened immune function.[12][13][14]
Some rare inborn errors of metabolism result from defects in the coenzyme binding sites of the responsible enzymes where PLP is attached, and administering very high doses of vitamin B6 is crucial for the functioning of these enzymes. These disorders are called vitamin B6 dependency syndromes. These syndromes include convulsions of the newborn, xanthurenic aciduria, cystathioninuria, primary hyperoxaluria, homocystinuria, sideroblastic anemia, and gyrate atrophy with ornithinuria.[15]
Furthermore, some toxicological uses of pyridoxine include isoniazid overdose, false morel (Gyromitra) mushroom poisoning, hydrazine exposure, ethylene glycol toxicity, and crimidine toxicity.[16] There is some proof of vitamin B6 having effectiveness in suppressing lactation and relieving side effects of oral contraceptives such as depression and nausea.[17] Research has found conflicting results regarding using vitamin B6 supplements in treating gestational diabetes, premenstrual syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, morning sickness, and treating and preventing essential hypertension.[17]
Although scant evidence exists regarding pyridoxine’s efficacy, pyridoxine has been used empirically to treat some conditions, including atopic dermatitis, dental caries, acute alcohol intoxication, autism, diabetic complications, Down syndrome, schizophrenia, Huntington chorea, steroid-dependent asthma.[18][19] Research shows a decreased risk of colorectal cancer with increased B6 intake in humans.[20] Some research has shown high B6 levels inhibit in-vitro hepatic tumor cell multiplication in rats.[21]
Mechanism of Action
PLP catalyzes various reactions, such as transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, and elimination, in either enzyme-bound or free form. These reactions are significantly facilitated and accelerated in the presence of PLP due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the molecule, which unstabilizes the bonds around the alpha-carbon atom through the system formed with amino acids.[22]
Metabolism of Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal are rapidly absorbed from food and oral drugs by mucosal cells of the small intestine, while their phosphorylated analogs first undergo dephosphorylation and are then absorbed.[23]
Vitamin B6 analogs are absorbed in the intestine by passive diffusion, which means that a considerable amount of the compound is readily absorbable without cell saturation.[24][25]
After their uptake, PM and PN are acted on by pyridoxal kinase to form PMP and PNP, respectively; then, these compounds are converted by pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) phosphate (PNP) oxidase enzyme into the coenzyme PLP. This process only occurs in hepatocytes, and to a lesser extent, in mucosal cells of the small intestine, due to a lack of PNP oxidase in most tissues.
Due to cell membranes being impermeable to PLP, dephosphorylation occurs by phosphohydrolase enzyme so that PL can be released into the bloodstream or is directly attached to albumin and liberated by the hepatocytes into the circulation as PLP-albumin complex.[24][26] PLP is also taken up by erythrocytes and carried by hemoglobin to other tissues.[27]
Finally, protein-bound PLP is dephosphorylated, and the end-product PL, in combination with the free PL in plasma, is then transformed inside target tissues by the effect of pyridoxal kinase enzyme into the coenzyme PLP, which is the active form of vitamin B6. PLP is bound to various proteins inside tissues to protect it from phosphatase enzymes.[28]
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: The bioavailability of pyridoxine is high due to its easy absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Distribution: Pyridoxine is stored primarily in the liver, with smaller amounts in the brain and muscles; it can cross the placenta, and the fetus' plasma concentrations are five times higher than the mother's. It is also secreted into breast milk. The molecule is highly protein bound.
Metabolism: Pyridoxine undergoes inactivation in the liver, resulting in the formation of 4-pyridoxic acid.
Excretion: The inactive 4-pyridoxic acid is excreted into the urine with an elimination half-life of around 15 to 20 days.
Administration
The administration of vitamin B6 can be both via oral and intravenous routes. Oral vitamin B6 is the most prevalent form available, while the intravenous form is useful in some special cases, such as malabsorption syndromes, anorexia, and in patients on parenteral nutrition. Pyridoxine is also available in intramuscular and subcutaneous forms.
- Intravenous dosage form intended to be administered intravenously or intramuscularly is available in 100 mg per mL.
- Oral formulation pyridoxine hydrochloride tablets are available in 25 mg, 50 mg, 25 mg, and 500 mg of active ingredient per dosage form.
Adult Dosing
Dietary supplementation: Follow Dietary Reference intakes to determine individualized dosing.
Nutritional inadequacy: Pyridoxine hydrochloride is administered through intramuscular or intravenous injections. In cases of nutritional inadequacy, a daily dosage of 10 to 20 mg of pyridoxine is recommended for 3 weeks. Following this initial treatment, continuing with an oral therapeutic multivitamin preparation containing 2 to 5 mg of pyridoxine daily for a few weeks is recommended. Alongside these treatments, it is essential to encourage a sufficient and well-balanced diet while addressing any unhealthy eating habits.
Pyridoxine/vitamin B6-dependency syndromes: Specifically, those associated with acute, active seizures may require treatment with pyridoxine (vitamin B6). In such cases, an initial dose of 100 mg of pyridoxine can be administered as a single intravenous (IV) dose. This dose can be repeated at 5- to 10-minute intervals if necessary. However, the total cumulative dose should not exceed 500 mg.
INH-induced B6 deficiency: Total daily dose of 100 mg is recommended for three weeks, followed by a daily dose of 30 mg for maintenance.
INH-induced neuropathy prophylaxis: 25 to 50 mg orally daily for prophylactic therapy; consider 100 mg by mouth each day in patients with peripheral neuropathy.
INH poisoning: In cases of poisoning resulting from ingesting more than 10 grams of isoniazid (INH), an equal amount of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) should be administered as an antidote. The recommended treatment protocol involves the administration of 4 grams of pyridoxine intravenously, followed by 1 gram intramuscularly every 30 minutes.
Premenstrual syndrome (off-label indication): 40 to 500 mg orally, intravenously, or intramuscularly daily.
Adverse Effects
The most well-known adverse effect of vitamin B6 supplementation is sensory neuropathy, but this pathology rarely occurs below toxic doses, which is 1 gm/day or more for adults, and there is no evidence of its occurrence in doses lower than 100 mg/day for less than 30 weeks in adults.[19] Significantly, the average dietary requirement of vitamin B6 for adults is 1.75 mg/day.[15]
There are no reported adverse effects caused by dietary concentrations nor through regular supplemental doses of vitamin B6, while higher doses below levels of toxicity may cause indigestion, nausea, breast tenderness, photosensitivity, and vesicular dermatoses.[19]
While greater dosages of vitamin B6 below lethal levels may produce indigestion, nausea, breast soreness, photosensitivity, and vesicular dermatoses, there are no known adverse effects associated with dietary concentrations or routine supplemental doses of the vitamin.
Drug-Drug Interactions
- Coadministration of pyridoxine and anticonvulsants (phenobarbital and phenytoin) can lead to decreased plasma concentrations of anticonvulsant medications, reducing efficacy.
- Pyridoxine interferes with the activity of levodopa. A levodopa-carbidopa combination can prevent this interaction.
Contraindications
The contraindications for vitamin B6 are hypervitaminosis B6, as toxic levels may cause sensory neuropathy and hypersensitivity to pyridoxine. The warning for pyridoxine includes not exceeding recommended dose if pregnant or breastfeeding; consult a physician for recommendations.
Precautions
Many vitamin deficiencies can be expected to accompany a poor diet. Pyridoxine deficiency alone is uncommon. Patients using levodopa should avoid supplements with more than 5 mg of pyridoxine daily. Increased pyridoxine needs have been observed in women using oral contraceptives.
Monitoring
The therapeutic index of B6 varies between individuals as individual susceptibility to toxic adverse effects is noted, but some studies state a cutoff value of 100 grams over 20 months, below which toxicity-related neuropathy does not occur.[29][19]
Vitamin B6 is highly absorbable from food and drugs, and high concentrations can be rapidly reached; however, the human body excretes the excess in urine as 4-pyridoxic acid and is also excreted unchanged when taking very high doses.[30] Monitoring the amount of vitamin B6 in the body is done for three reasons; to confirm depletion and toxicity and in research studies concerned with vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 monitoring is divided into direct and functional methods. The direct methods are measuring the concentration of the vitamin in plasma, blood cells, or urine. Plasma PLP concentration is the best monitoring method as it reflects B6 stores in the entire body.[31] Functional methods, such as tryptophan load test, plasma homocysteine levels, and blood transaminase activity, are also used in detecting B6 deficiency. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase stimulation tests can evaluate long-term vitamin B6 status, and their values increase with B6 depletion.[31]
The parenteral formulation may contain aluminum, which can potentially be toxic. Prolonged administration of aluminum through parenteral routes can lead to toxic levels, especially if there is impaired kidney function. Premature neonates are particularly at higher risk of aluminum toxicity because their kidneys are not fully developed. Studies indicate that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral aluminum at doses exceeding 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day, can accumulate aluminum levels associated with toxicity in the central nervous system and bones. Even lower administration rates may lead to aluminum accumulation in tissues.
Toxicity
Vitamin B6 can be toxic if its concentration in the body is too high, causing sensory neuropathy, whose mechanism is unknown. The degeneration of sensory fibers of peripheral nerves and its myelin and also the dorsal columns of the spinal cord cause bilateral loss of peripheral sensation or hyperaesthesia, accompanied by limb pain, ataxia, and loss of balance. The condition regresses gradually after cessation of taking the supplement till regaining normal activity.[16] Higher doses can cause testicular atrophy and reduced sperm motility.[32]
Research on the subject found that the duration of administration of the vitamin is directly proportional to the risk of clinically evident toxicity concerning the total dose given.[19]
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Adequate nutrition is essential for any vitamin deficiency prevention. Vitamin B6 deficiency is generally rare due to dietary inadequacy. Healthcare professionals should advise patients about consuming vitamin B6-rich foods such as chickpeas, liver, poultry, and fortified ready-to-eat cereals.
Gynecologists, obstetricians, neurologists, hematologists, and dermatologists often need to diagnose, treat, and collaborate with patients with vitamin B6 deficiency or excess. The clinical picture accompanying vitamin B6 deficiency is not uniquely characteristic of B6 deficiency, so thorough analysis and good observation skills are needed to identify the problem. Susceptible populations, such as patients with chronic diseases and poor-quality diets, should be identified and managed accordingly.
Clinical use of vitamin B6 in some diseases is controversial, as no definite evidence is available for its use in those conditions. But because of the relative safety of high doses of water-soluble vitamins, no strict patient monitoring is necessary. Some conditions require much higher doses than are normally necessary, such as dependency syndromes, and observation for adverse effects is necessary.
Whether vitamin B6 is used to treat a disease or merely as a dietary supplement, all interprofessional team members, including prescribing clinicians, nurses, pharmacists, and dieticians/nutritionists, need to operate as a cohesive unit and have access to the same clinical information so they can implement interventions and counsel patients in ways that will optimize patient outcomes and minimize adverse events.
References
- 1.
- SNELL EE. Chemical structure in relation to biological activities of vitamin B6. Vitam Horm. 1958;16:77-125. [PubMed: 13625598]
- 2.
- RABINOWITZ JC, SNELL EE. The vitamin B6 group; microbiological and natural occurrence of pyridoxamine phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1947 Aug;169(3):643-50. [PubMed: 20259097]
- 3.
- SNELL EE. Summary of known metabolic functions of nicotinic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B6. Physiol Rev. 1953 Oct;33(4):509-24. [PubMed: 13100067]
- 4.
- Ebadi M. Regulation and function of pyridoxal phosphate in CNS. Neurochem Int. 1981;3(3-4):181-205. [PubMed: 19643063]
- 5.
- Wibowo N, Purwosunu Y, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Tambunan V, Bardosono S. Vitamin B₆ supplementation in pregnant women with nausea and vomiting. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Mar;116(3):206-10. [PubMed: 22189065]
- 6.
- Matthews A, Haas DM, O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T, Doyle M. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 21;(3):CD007575. [PubMed: 24659261]
- 7.
- Snider DE. Pyridoxine supplementation during isoniazid therapy. Tubercle. 1980 Dec;61(4):191-6. [PubMed: 6269259]
- 8.
- Raskin NH, Fishman RA. Pyridoxine-deficiency neuropathy due to hydralazine. N Engl J Med. 1965 Nov 25;273(22):1182-5. [PubMed: 5847557]
- 9.
- Nair S, Maguire W, Baron H, Imbruce R. The effect of cycloserine on pyridoxine-dependent metabolism in tuberculosis. J Clin Pharmacol. 1976 Aug-Sep;16(8-9):439-43. [PubMed: 972198]
- 10.
- Clayton PT. B6-responsive disorders: a model of vitamin dependency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006 Apr-Jun;29(2-3):317-26. [PubMed: 16763894]
- 11.
- Apeland T, Frøyland ES, Kristensen O, Strandjord RE, Mansoor MA. Drug-induced pertubation of the aminothiol redox-status in patients with epilepsy: improvement by B-vitamins. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Nov;82(1):1-6. [PubMed: 18644700]
- 12.
- MUELLER JF, VILTER RW. Pyridoxine deficiency in human beings induced with desoxypyridoxine. J Clin Invest. 1950 Feb;29(2):193-201. [PMC free article: PMC439740] [PubMed: 15403983]
- 13.
- Hawkins WW, Barsky J. An Experiment on Human Vitamin B6 Deprivation. Science. 1948 Sep 10;108(2802):284-6. [PubMed: 17842719]
- 14.
- Riikonen R, Mankinen K, Gaily E. Long-term outcome in pyridoxine-responsive infantile epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015 Nov;19(6):647-51. [PubMed: 26310861]
- 15.
- Frimpter GW, Andelman RJ, George WF. Vitamin B6-dependency syndromes. New horizons in nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1969 Jun;22(6):794-805. [PubMed: 4892594]
- 16.
- Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M. Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review. Eur J Emerg Med. 2005 Apr;12(2):78-85. [PubMed: 15756083]
- 17.
- Bender DA. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6. Br J Nutr. 1999 Jan;81(1):7-20. [PubMed: 10341670]
- 18.
- Salam RA, Zuberi NF, Bhutta ZA. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 03;2015(6):CD000179. [PMC free article: PMC10082995] [PubMed: 26039815]
- 19.
- Bendich A, Cohen M. Vitamin B6 safety issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;585:321-30. [PubMed: 2192616]
- 20.
- Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA. 2010 Mar 17;303(11):1077-83. [PubMed: 20233826]
- 21.
- Tryfiates GP. Effects of pyridoxine on serum protein expression in hepatoma-bearing rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981 Feb;66(2):339-44. [PubMed: 6935482]
- 22.
- Hayashi H, Wada H, Yoshimura T, Esaki N, Soda K. Recent topics in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme studies. Annu Rev Biochem. 1990;59:87-110. [PubMed: 2197992]
- 23.
- Hamm MW, Mehansho H, Henderson LM. Transport and metabolism of pyridoxamine and pyridoxamine phosphate in the small intestine of the rat. J Nutr. 1979 Sep;109(9):1552-9. [PubMed: 479950]
- 24.
- Buss DD, Hamm MW, Mehansho H, Henderson LM. Transport and metabolism of pyridoxine in the perfused small intestine and the hind limb of the rat. J Nutr. 1980 Aug;110(8):1655-63. [PubMed: 7400856]
- 25.
- Tsuji T, Yamada R, Nose Y. Intestinal absorption of vitamin B6. I. Pyridoxol uptake by rat intestinal tissue. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1973 Oct;19(5):401-17. [PubMed: 4792211]
- 26.
- Mehansho H, Buss DD, Hamm MW, Henderson LM. Transport and metabolism of pyridoxine in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Aug 01;631(1):112-23. [PubMed: 7397240]
- 27.
- Mehansho H, Henderson LM. Transport and accumulation of pyridoxine and pyridoxal by erythrocytes. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 25;255(24):11901-7. [PubMed: 7440576]
- 28.
- Li TK, Lumeng L, Veitch RL. Regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate metabolism in liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Nov 27;61(2):677-84. [PubMed: 4375996]
- 29.
- Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 19;310(3):197-8. [PubMed: 6318110]
- 30.
- Ink SL, Henderson LM. Vitamin B6 metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1984;4:455-70. [PubMed: 6380540]
- 31.
- Ueland PM, Ulvik A, Rios-Avila L, Midttun Ø, Gregory JF. Direct and Functional Biomarkers of Vitamin B6 Status. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:33-70. [PMC free article: PMC5988249] [PubMed: 25974692]
- 32.
- Tsutsumi S, Tanaka T, Gotoh K, Akaike M. Effects of pyridoxine on male fertility. J Toxicol Sci. 1995 Aug;20(3):351-65. [PubMed: 8667459]
Disclosure: NourEldin Abosamak declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Vikas Gupta declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
- Review Drug-pyridoxal phosphate interactions.[Q Rev Drug Metab Drug Interact...]Review Drug-pyridoxal phosphate interactions.Ebadi M, Gessert CF, Al-Sayegh A. Q Rev Drug Metab Drug Interact. 1982; 4(4):289-331.
- Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of vitamin B(6) pyridoxal 5́-phosphate, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid.[J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol ...]Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of vitamin B(6) pyridoxal 5́-phosphate, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid.Rossmann J, Christ S, Richter S, Friedrich Garbade S, Friedrich Hoffmann G, Opladen T, Günther Okun J. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2022 Dec 1; 1212:123503. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
- Review Vitamin B6 related epilepsy during childhood.[Chang Gung Med J. 2007]Review Vitamin B6 related epilepsy during childhood.Wang HS, Kuo MF. Chang Gung Med J. 2007 Sep-Oct; 30(5):396-401.
- Studying the antiemetic effect of vitamin B6 for morning sickness: pyridoxine and pyridoxal are prodrugs.[J Clin Pharmacol. 2014]Studying the antiemetic effect of vitamin B6 for morning sickness: pyridoxine and pyridoxal are prodrugs.Matok I, Clark S, Caritis S, Miodovnik M, Umans JG, Hankins G, Mattison DR, Koren G. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Dec; 54(12):1429-33. Epub 2014 Aug 7.
- Genetic Analysis Using Vitamin B(6) Antagonist 4-Deoxypyridoxine Uncovers a Connection between Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate and Coenzyme A Metabolism in Salmonella enterica.[J Bacteriol. 2022]Genetic Analysis Using Vitamin B(6) Antagonist 4-Deoxypyridoxine Uncovers a Connection between Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate and Coenzyme A Metabolism in Salmonella enterica.Vu HN, Downs DM. J Bacteriol. 2022 Mar 15; 204(3):e0060721. Epub 2022 Jan 31.
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - StatPearlsVitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - StatPearls
- Gm26708 predicted gene, 26708 [Mus musculus]Gm26708 predicted gene, 26708 [Mus musculus]Gene ID:120623200Gene
- LINC02895 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2895 [Homo sapiens]LINC02895 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2895 [Homo sapiens]Gene ID:120017343Gene
- LY6S lymphocyte antigen 6 family member S [Homo sapiens]LY6S lymphocyte antigen 6 family member S [Homo sapiens]Gene ID:105375795Gene
- Gm19744 predicted gene, 19744 [Mus musculus]Gm19744 predicted gene, 19744 [Mus musculus]Gene ID:100503519Gene
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...