OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES

Siponimod – Mayzent®

DRUG CLASS

Multiple Sclerosis Agents

COMPLETE LABELING

Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NO	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Siponimod	1230487-00-9	C29-H35-F3-N2-O3

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 25 November 2025

Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate.

• Zimmerman HJ. Oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 697-8.

  (Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 before the availability of siponimod).
• Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013.

  (Multi-authored textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 2013 does not discuss the drugs for multiple sclerosis).
• Krensky AM, Azzi JR, Hafler DA. Immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis. Immunosuppressants and Tolerogens. In, Brunton LL, Halal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 649-52.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• FDA: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 209884Orig1s000. Clinical Review(s). pp: 166-73. https://www​.accessdata​.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs​/nda/2019/209884Orig1s000MedR.pdf

  (FDA website with product labels and medical review of the efficacy and safety of siponimod; mentions that serum aminotransferase elevations are common during siponimod therapy occurring in almost half of patients but are typically mild and resolve rapidly with stopping, and that serious hepatotoxicity was not encountered; ALT elevations above 3 times the ULN occurred in 6-8% of subjects).
• Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Calabresi P, Selmaj K, et al.; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 387-401. [PubMed: 20089952]

  (Among 1272 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod [0.5 or 1.25 mg daily] or placebo for 24 months, 8.5-12.5% of fingolimod, but only 1.7% of placebo recipients developed ALT elevations above 3 times ULN, and ALT levels fell to normal with or without discontinuation, and serum bilirubin levels did not change).
• Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, Hartung HP, Khatri BO, Montalban X, Pelletier J, et al.; TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 402-15. [PubMed: 20089954]

  (Among 1280 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod [0.5 or 1.25 mg daily] or interferon beta [30 mg weekly] for 12 months, relapse rates were lower, but ALT elevations above 3 times ULN were more common with fingolimod [7% and 8%] than interferon beta [2%], although there were no clinically apparent episodes of liver injury).
• Oral fingolimod (gilenya) for multiple sclerosis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2010; 52 (1353-1354): 98-9. [PubMed: 21344782]

  (Concise review of mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and costs of fingolimod shortly after is approval for use for multiple sclerosis in the US, mentions that common side effects are headache, cough, diarrhea, back pain and aminotransferase elevations; no mention of clinically apparent liver injury).
• New drugs for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2012; 54(1403): 89-91. [PubMed: 23183318]

  (Concise review of efficacy, safety and costs of new disease modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis lists side effects in a table including "transaminase elevations" for interferon beta, fingolimod and teriflunomide and "hepatotoxicity" for natalizumab, but not for glatiramer or mitoxantrone).
• Oh J, O'Connor PW. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of oral therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2013; 27: 591-609. [PubMed: 23801528]

  (Review of efficacy and safety or oral agents for multiple sclerosis, including fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, laquinimod and cladribine, none of which have raised major issues of hepatotoxicity).
• Kappos L, O’Connor P, Radue E-W, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Selmaj K, Ritter S, et al. Long-term effects of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: the randomized FREEDOMS extension trial. Neurology 2015; 84: 1582-91. [PMC free article: PMC4408283] [PubMed: 25795646]

  (Among 920 patients with multiple sclerosis enrolled in an extension study of fingolimod [0.5 vs 1.25 mg daily], beneficial effects were sustained and no new safety concerns arose, serum enzyme elevations occurring in 13% and 19% of subjects during the first and 7% and 8% during the second year of fingolimod therapy).
• Selmaj K, Li DK, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Kappos L, Freedman MS, Stüve O, et al. Siponimod for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (BOLD): an adaptive, dose-ranging, randomised, phase 2 study. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 756-67. [PubMed: 23764350]

  (Among 297 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with siponimod [0.25, 0.50,1.25, 2 or 10 mg] or placebo once daily for 6 months, there was a dose related increase in clinical responses and higher rates of adverse events including ALT elevations [0% to 6-8%], but levels were rarely above 3 times ULN and there were no hepatic serious adverse events).
• English C, Aloi JJ. New FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 2015; 37: 691-715. [PubMed: 25846320]

  (Systematic review of efficacy and safety of the newer disease modifying therapies of multiple sclerosis lists ALT elevations as adverse events associated with fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, but not peginterferon beta or alemtuzumab).
• Subei AM, Cohen JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2015; 29: 565-75. [PMC free article: PMC4554772] [PubMed: 26239599]

  (Review of the function of the S1P receptors [subtypes 1 to 5] and the clinical implications of their differential modulation by different inhibitors).
• Kappos L, Li DK, Stüve O, Hartung HP, Freedman MS, Hemmer B, Rieckmann P, et al. Safety and Efficacy of siponimod (BAF312) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: dose-blinded, randomized extension of the phase 2 BOLD study. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73: 1089-98. [PubMed: 27380540]

  (Among 252 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis continued in an extension of a phase 2 study of siponimod [Selmaj 2013], there was a dose related increase in frequency of ALT elevations [2% to 17%] but there were no hepatic serious adverse events).
• Hammond ER. Perspectives on safety and efficacy-the BOLD phase 2 extension study of siponimod in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73: 1052-4. [PubMed: 27380179]

  (Editorial in response to the analyses of efficacy and safety of siponimod in an extension study [Kappos 2016]).
• Shakeri-Nejad K, Aslanis V, Veldandi UK, Gardin A, Zaehringer A, Dodman A, Su Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of siponimod (BAF312) in subjects with different levels of hepatic impairment: a single-dose, open-label, parallel-group study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 55: 41-53. [PubMed: 27443658]

  (Single dose studies of siponimod done in 40 subjects found little difference in pharmacokinetics among patients with or without hepatic impairment).
• Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P, Solari A, Vukusic S, Rocca MA. Multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4: 43. [PubMed: 30410033]

  (Review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, natural history, management and therapy of multiple sclerosis).
• Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BAC, Fox RJ, Giovannoni G, Gold R, Vermersch P, et al.; EXPAND Clinical Investigators. Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet 2018; 391(10127): 1263-73. [PubMed: 29576505]

  (Among 1645 patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis enrolled in a controlled trial for up to 3 years, disability progression was less frequent with siponimod than placebo [26% vs 32%] but liver related “investigations” were more common [12% vs 4%] as were ALT elevations [6% vs 2%], although few were above 5 times ULN [0.9% vs 0.4%] and none resulted in clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice ).
• Jin Y, Borell H, Gardin A, Ufer M, Huth F, Camenisch G. In vitro studies and in silico predictions of fluconazole and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism impact on siponimod metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74: 455-64. [PMC free article: PMC5849655] [PubMed: 29273968]

  (In vitro metabolic studies using human liver microsomes demonstrated possible functional consequences of CYP2C9*2/*2 and CYP2C9*3/*3 polymorphisms on the metabolism of siponimod which predict significant reductions in clearance and possible drug accumulation to toxic levels).
• Siponimod (Mayzent)--a new drug for multiple sclerosis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2019; 61(1571): 70-2. [PubMed: 31169805]

  (Concise review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety and costs of siponimod in comparison to other agents used to treat multiple sclerosis; mentions that serum aminotransferase elevations can occur with siponimod therapy and that patients should be tested for liver function tests and have CYP 2C9 genotype testing before starting treatment).
• Al-Salama ZT. Siponimod: First global approval. Drugs 2019; 79: 1009-15. [PubMed: 31144287]

  (Review of the mechanism of action, history of development, clinical efficacy and safety of siponimod; mentions the common side effects include headache, hypertension, aminotransferase elevations, peripheral edema, nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, bradycardia and musculoskeletal pain but that the aminotransferase levels were rarely severely elevated).
• Lu MC, Shih YL, Hsieh TY, Lin JC. Flare of hepatitis B virus after fingolimod treatment for relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119: 886-7. [PubMed: 31679907]

  (Letter describing 41 year old Taiwanese woman with relapsing multiple sclerosis and inactive HBsAg carrier state who developed reactivation of hepatitis B after 35 months of treatment with fingolimod [ALT 385 U/L, HBV DNA 8 log₁₀ IU/mL, bilirubin not given], who responded to tenofovir with resolution of ALT elevations and decrease of HBV DNA levels to undetectable despite continuation of fingolimod).
• Drugs for multiple sclerosis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2021; 63(1620): 42-8. [PubMed: 33976089]

  (Concise review of the relative clinical efficacy, safety and costs of drugs for relapsing multiple sclerosis including parenteral agents [such as interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab and mitoxantrone] and the oral agents [such as the S1P receptor modulators, cladribine, fumarates, and teriflunomide], many of which are associated with serum ALT elevations and several have been reported to cause clinically apparent liver injury or reactivation of hepatitis B).
• McGinley MP, Cohen JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Lancet 2021;398:1184-94.. [PubMed: 34175020]

  (Review of the function of S1P receptors and the mechanism of action of S1P receptor modulators in affecting lymphocyte tracking out of lymph nodes into the circulation and tissues; fingolimod is a nonspecific modulator affecting S1P receptors 1, 3, 4 and 5, whereas siponimod and ozanimod act predominantly on S1P receptors 1 and 5 and ponesimod against S1P receptor 1 alone, the activity against S1P receptor-1 accounting for most of the beneficial effects in multiple sclerosis and the restricted specificity perhaps accounting for the lower rate of cardiac, lung and eye adverse events driven mostly by the inhibition of the other S1P receptor subtypes).
• Biolato M, Bianco A, Lucchini M, Gasbarrini A, Mirabella M, Grieco A. The disease-modifying therapies of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and liver injury: a narrative review. CNS Drugs. 2021;35:861-880.. [PMC free article: PMC8354931] [PubMed: 34319570]

  (Extensive review of the frequency and characteristics of hepatic injury associated with different disease modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis, discusses fingolimod but not siponimod).
• Cree BA, Arnold DL, Fox RJ, Gold R, Vermersch P, Benedict RH, Bar-Or A, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Analysis of EXPAND core and extension data up to >5 years. Mult Scler. 2022;28:1591-1605.. [PMC free article: PMC9315196] [PubMed: 35380078]

  (Among 1220 patients with multiple sclerosis treated in a controlled trial [Kappos 2018] who were then treated with open label siponimod for up to 3 years, rates of continued disease progression and adverse event were similar to those in the active period of the previous trial and there were “no new safety signals”; elevations in aminotransferase levels arose in 0.3%).
• Gold R, Piani-Meier D, Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Vermersch P, Giovannoni G, Fox RJ, et al. Siponimod vs placebo in active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a post hoc analysis from the phase 3 EXPAND study. J Neurol. 2022;269:5093-5104.. [PMC free article: PMC9363350] [PubMed: 35639197]

  (A secondary analysis of results from a controlled trial of siponimod vs placebo in adults with multiple sclerosis [Kappos 2018] reported that adverse events arose in 86.8% vs 78.3%, serious adverse events of 15.1% vs 15.6%, and ALT elevations in 6.6% vs 2.3% which were serious in 1.2% vs 0.8%).
• Regner-Nelke L, Pawlitzki M, Willison A, Rolfes L, Oezalp SH, Nelke C, Kölsche Tet al. Real-world evidence on siponimod treatment in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res Pract. 2022;4:55.. [PMC free article: PMC9639325] [PubMed: 36336685]

  (Among 227 patients with multiple sclerosis treated in 12 German referral centers with siponimod [1 or 2 mg daily based upon CYP 2C9 phenotype], only 7% had relapses during treatment and 65% had disease stability, while 48% had adverse events including 20% with elevated enzymes which led to early discontinuation in approximately 5%).
• Kane M. Siponimod therapy and CYP2C9 genotype. 2023 Aug 9. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, Esquivel B, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ, editors. Medical genetics summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012–. PMID: 37561888. [PubMed: 37561888]

  (Siponimod is metabolized by P450 enzymes predominantly by CYP 2C9, and decreased 2C9 activity can lead to higher levels of siponimod and increased side effects; patients with CYP 2C9*3 heterozygosity should receive a 50% lower dose and those with homozygosity should not take the drug; the effects of other, more rare alleles, are not well defined).
• Jiang Y, Lu R, Du Z, Shen Y, Zhou Q, Luan P, Zhu H. The real-world safety assessment of siponimod: a systematic analysis based on the FAERS database. J Neurol Sci. 2025;468:123364.. [PubMed: 39732042]

  (Analysis of spontaneous reports of adverse events due to siponimod submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System [FAERS] between 2019 and 2023 identified 7185 reports including liver test elevations in 144).
• Abbadessa G, Schiavetti I, Bollo L, Cellerino M, Miele G, Zanghì A, Cavalla P, et al; S1PRm study group. Safety assessment of switching from fingolimod to siponimod: an Italian multicenter prospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2025;474:123533.. [PubMed: 40373481]

  (Among 95 Italian patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis on fingolimod, 42 were switched to siponimod, after which ALT elevations were found in 33% of those switched to siponimod vs 21% remaining on fingolimod, but there were no elevations above 5 times ULN).
• Fox RJ, Cohan S, Mao-Draayer Y, Weinstock-Guttman B, Cruz LA, Arnould S, Cox GM, et al. Safety and tolerability of conversion to siponimod from other disease-modifying therapies in patients with advancing forms of relapsing MS: results from the EXCHANGE study. Mult Scler. 2025;31:706-718.. [PMC free article: PMC12280243] [PubMed: 40248858]

  (Among 185 patients with worsening multiple sclerosis who were switched to siponimod from another disease modifying therapy, 32% reported adverse events, most frequently headache [8%], lymphopenia [7%], fatigue [7%], but ALT elevations only infrequently [2 patients: 1.1%]).
• Woodson S, Gettings EJ, Guo CY, Klineova S, Lee JM, Romero RS, Walker A, et al. Comparative effectiveness of fumarates versus sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators in Black patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Ther. 2025;14:1627-1639.. [PMC free article: PMC12255590] [PubMed: 40522622]

  (Analysis of health claim reports identified 1664 Black patients with multiple sclerosis who were treated a fumarate [n=2131] or an S1P receptor modulator [n=433] between 2017 and 2023, the annualized relapse rates were 0.34 vs 0.35 and 75% of patients remained relapse free; no mention of adverse event rates).
• Bessone F, Hernandez N, Medina-Caliz I, García-Cortés M, Schinoni MI, Mendizabal M, Chiodi D, et al. Drug-induced liver injury in Latin America: 10-year experience of the Latin American DILI (LATINDILI) Network. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:89-102.. [PubMed: 38992407]

  (Among 483 cases of drug-induced liver injury enrolled in a prospective Latin American database, one case was attributed to fingolimod and one to natalizumab, but no other agents used to treat multiple sclerosis were listed: personal communication).