OVERVIEW

CASE REPORTS

PRODUCT INFORMATION

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NUMBER	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Fenofibrate	49562-28-9	C20-H21-Cl-O4

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 24 January 2017

• Zimmerman HJ. Drugs used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 660-2.

  (Expert review of hepatotoxicity of lipid lowering agents including clofibrate, fenofibrate and gemfibrozil, all three of which can lead to mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations, and which have been associated with hepatic injury).
• De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Fibrates. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs: fibrates. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 527.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity of fibrates; fenofibrate is the most commonly implicated fibrate in causing liver injury, which can be severe and prolonged with autoimmune features and the potential for chronicity).
• Bersot TP. Drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 877-908.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• de Gennes JL, Truffert J. [Elevation of glutamic-pyruvic transaminases under procetofene treatment of idiopathic hyperlipemia: incidence and significance in 443 treated cases]. Nouv Presse Med 1978; 7: 2398-9. French. [PubMed: 673817]

  (Report of 443 patients treated with fenofibrate in a dose of 300-400 mg daily for an average of 1 year, found ALT elevations in 19%, >100 U/L in 3%, and persistence in 4%).
• Aron E, Metman EH, Bougnoux P. [Hepatitis due to procetofene? 1 case]. Nouv Presse Med 1979; 8: 783. French. [PubMed: 461126]

  (77 year old man developed fatigue shortly after starting fenofibrate; after 3 months, bilirubin was 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 205 U/L, Alk P normal; also on amiodarone, but biopsy showed little fat; resolution in 2 months after stopping).
• Couzigou P, Boutillier P, Boisseau C, Faucher P, De Mascarel A, Amouretti M, Beraud C, et al. [Drug-induced hepatitis due to fenofibrate] Therapie 1980; 35: 403. [PubMed: 7423433]

  (74 year old woman developed fatigue after 2 years of therapy with fenofibrate [bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL, ALT 75 U/L], with no improvement over following 6 months; no further follow up available).
• Vachon JM. [Hepatitis caused by procetofen]. Nouv Presse Med 1980; 9: 2740. French. [PubMed: 6107896]

  (63 year old woman developed fatigue 6 months after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL, ALT 110 U/L, Alk P 30 U/L], resolving in 7 weeks, recurrence with rechallenge with 1.5 month latency [ALT rising to 207 U/L]).
• Fromantin M, Gautier D, Quatre JM, Bon R. Efficacite et tolerance due fenofibrate au cours de traitements a long terme. [Efficacy and tolerance of longterm treatment with fenofibrate]. Therapie 1982; 36: 473-6. [PubMed: 7292431]

  (Among 121 patients treated with fenofibrate for 3 years, 10 [9%] had ALT elevations usually arising within 3-4 months of starting, largely mild, transient and asymptomatic).
• Homberg JC, Abuaf N, Helmy-Khalil S, Biour M, Poupon R, Islam S, Darnis F, et al. Drug-induced hepatitis associated with anticytoplasmic organelle autoantibodies. Hepatology 1985; 5: 722-7. [PubMed: 4029887]

  (Among 157 patients with drug induced liver disease who were tested for ANA and anti-cytoplasmic autoantibodies, 11% had ANA [methyldopa, papaverine, clometacin and oxyphenisatin], none had AMA, 5 anti-LKM [halothane and ticrynafen], and 21% had SMA [mostly clometacin, fenofibrate, oxyphenisatin and papaverine]; most antibodies decreased in titer and/or disappeared within 6 months of stopping; all 4 fenofibrate cases were SMA positive).
• Migneco G, Mascarella A, La Ferla A, Attianese R. [Clofibrate hepatitis. A case report] Minerva Med 1986; 77: 799-800. [PubMed: 3714094]

  (51 year old woman developed abdominal pain and fatigue 3 months after starting clofibrate [bilirubin normal, ALT 210 U/L], rapid resolution on stopping; 4 months later presented again having taken fenofibrate for 1 month [ALT 76 U/L, Alk P normal], and rapid resolution again on stopping).
• Massen H, Furet Y. [Hepatitis caused by fenofibrate] Cah Anesthesiol 1986; 34: 249-50. [PubMed: 3742311]

  (77 year old developed jaundice within 2 weeks of starting fenofibrate and allopurinol [bilirubin 5.3 mg/dL, ALT 159 U/L, Alk P 239 U/L], resolution within 7 days of stopping both).
• Roberts WC. Safety of fenofibrate: US and worldwide experience. Cardiol 1989; 76: 169-79. [PubMed: 2673510]

  (Review of structure, mechanism of action, preclinical toxicology showing peroxisome proliferation in rodents, and safety in clinical trials; in US trials [n=383] ALT elevations in 4.2% with fenofibrate and 1.6% placebo; rarely required discontinuation; postmarketing surveillance showed 13 cases of hepatitis; no evidence of peroxisome proliferation in human liver biopsies).
• Rigal J, Furet Y, Autret E, Breteau M. [Severe mixed hepatitis caused by fenofibrate? A review of the literature apropos of a case] Rev Med Interne 1989; 10: 65-7. [PubMed: 2655052]

  (74 year old developed jaundice 2 years after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 4.7 mg/dL, ALT 1430 U/L, Alk P 315 U/L], with worsening [bilirubin 8.2 mg/dL] until fenofibrate stopped, and then resolving in 2 months).
• Balfour JA, McTavish D, Heel RC. Fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1990; 40: 260-90. [PubMed: 2226216]

  (Review of pharmacology, efficacy and safety of fenofibrate).
• Bravo ML, Azagra R, Aguyé A, Freixas M. [Acute hepatitis: an adverse reaction to fenofibrate treatment] Aten Primaria 1992; 10: 697-8. [PubMed: 1420784]

  (34 year old man developed asymptomatic elevations in ALT [104 U/L] 6 months after starting fenofibrate; remained elevated 6 and 12 months later before becoming normal, but unclear whether and when fenofibrate was stopped).
• Lelouch S, Pelletier G, Sinico M, Ducreux M, Etienne JP. [Fenofibrate-induced acute hepatitis with pseudo-cholangitis] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992; 16: 597-9. [PubMed: 1526421]

  (65 year old man developed abdominal pain and fever 1 week after restarting fenofibrate and oxacillin, resolving rapidly on stopping both; pain and fever recurred 2 days after restarting fenofibrate alone [bilirubin ~1.8 mg/dL, ALT 12 times ULN, Alk P near normal], resolving within 1 month of stopping).
• Chatrenet P, Regimbeau C, Ramain JP, Penot J, Bruandet P. [Chronic active cirrhogenic hepatitis induced by fenofibrate] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993; 17: 612-3. [PubMed: 8253329]

  (59 year old woman developed jaundice 14 months after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 19.5 mg/mL, ALT 34 times and Alk P 1.5 times ULN, IgG high, ANA negative], resolution over 9 months after stopping; biopsy showed chronic hepatitis and fibrosis).
• Bernard PH, Lamouliatte H, Le Bail B, Bioulac-Sage P, Quinton A, Balabaud C. [Chronic active hepatitis associated with antinuclear antibodies induced by fenofibrate] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994; 18: 1048-9. [PubMed: 7705574]

  (60 year old woman developed asymptomatic rises in ALT [10.9 times ULN], with normal Alk P and bilirubin 22 months after starting fenofibrate; ANA 1:32,000 and biopsy showing chronic active hepatitis and bridging fibrosis, resolution in 2 months with slow and incomplete decline in ANA).
• Lepicard A, Mallat A, Zafrani ES, Dhumeaux D. Atteinte chronique des canaux biliares interlobulaires induite par le fenofibrate. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994; 18: 1033-5. [PubMed: 7705563]

  (56 year old woman had asymptomatic rise in GGT [16 times ULN], Alk P [1.5 times ULN], ALT [4.5 times ULN] 5 months after starting fenofibrate, with persistent GGT elevations and biopsy showing mild loss of bile ducts).
• Rouhier ML, Rifflet H, Rifflet I, Oberti F, Vuillemin E, Chevailler A, Calès P. [Painful acute liver involvement related to ingestion of fenofibrate] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1996; 20: 1137-8. [PubMed: 9033862]

  (53 year old female developed severe abdominal pain 36 hours after restarting fenofibrate; rechallenge caused the same pain with elevations in ALT [8 times ULN], Alk P [1.5 times ULN], normal bilirubin levels; rapid resolution; persistent ANA of 1:500).
• Athyros VG, Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Hatzikonstandinou HA, Didangelos TP, Carina MV, Kranitsas DF, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin-fibrate combinations in patients with refractory familial combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 608-13. [PubMed: 9294990]

  (389 patients treated with statin and fibrate combination for average of 2.5 years; 1.3% stopped because of ALT >3 times normal, all resolving within 4 weeks; no hepatitis or jaundice reported).
• Ganne-Carrié N, de Leusse A, Guettier C, Castera L, Levecq H, Bertrand HJ, Plumet Y, et al. [Autoimmune hepatitis induced by fibrates] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998; 22: 525-9. [PubMed: 9762291]

  (Retrospective analysis of 5 patients [4 men, 1 woman] with chronic hepatitis due to fibrates identified between 1989-1996; ages 56-73 years, on fenofibrate [n=3] or ciprofibrate [n=2] for 5-36 months; 2 asymptomatic; none with immunoallergic features or eosinophilia, with bilirubin 0.6-36 mg/dL, ALT 4-26 times ULN; all had ANA 1:200-1:2560; liver biopsy showed active cirrhosis in 3 and chronic hepatitis with fibrosis in 2; hepatitis resolved spontaneously in 2, and 3 required corticosteroid therapy in 2 of whom they could be stopped without relapse).
• Dumortier J, Slim R, Chevallier M, Boillot O, Thaunat J-L, Vaillant E, Vial T, et al. Hepatite aigue severe cirrhogene apres preise de ciprofibrate. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1999; 23: 1399-1400. [PubMed: 10642628]

  (72 year old woman developed fatigue after 3 weeks of ciprofibrate [bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL, ALT 25 times ULN, Alk P 2 times ULN, ANA 1:40]; no improvement after 2 months, liver biopsy showed chronic active hepatitis with fibrosis; corticosteroids caused decrease in ALT, but repeat biopsy showed cirrhosis, slow but ultimate resolution).
• Krempf M, Rohmer V, Farnier M, Issa-Sayegh M, Corda C, Sirugue I, Gerlinger C, et al. Efficacy and safety of micronized fenofibrate in a randomized double-blind study comparing four doses from 200 mg to 400 mg daily with placebo in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Diabet Metabol 2000; 26: 184-91. [PubMed: 10880891]

  (Controlled trial of 4 doses of micronized fenofibrate vs placebo for 3 months in 340 patients; decreased triglycerides by 27-41%, ALT elevations above 3 times ULN occurred in 3% on fenofibrate vs 1% on placebo).
• Fartoux-Heymann L, Narcy-Lambare B, Labayle D, Fischer D. [Acute hepatitis and drug dermatitis due to fenofibrate (Secalip)] Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2001; 152: 353-4. [PubMed: 11593148]

  (43 year old man developed jaundice, rash and fever 2 weeks after starting fenofibrate [300 mg/day] [bilirubin 7.7 mg/dL, ALT 3.2 times ULN, Alk P 2.6 times ULN, atypical lymphocytes without eosinophilia], with rapid recovery and desquamation after stopping fenofibrate).
• Punthakee Z, Scully LJ, Cuindi MM, Ooi TC. Liver fibrosis attributed to lipid lowering medications: two cases. J Intern Med 2001; 150: 249-54. [PubMed: 11555130]

  (63 year old woman developed mild fatigue and abnormal ALT [443 U/L]) 2 years after starting fenofibrate, having been on statins and having normal enzymes for years [Ig G 2.2 g/dL, ANA 1:40, SMA negative], biopsy showed chronic hepatitis and bridging fibrosis; resolved within 2 months of stopping, IgG and ANA falling to normal).
• Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, Lenoir C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology 2002; 36: 451-5. [PubMed: 12143055]

  (Over a 3 year period, 34 cases of drug induced liver injury were identified in a population of 81,301 in France [~14 per 100,000], one case being due to fenofibrate).
• Pichon N, Vincensini JF, Rozière A, Labrousse F, Sautereau D, Pillegand B. [Acute cytolytic and cholestatic hepatitis induced by fenofibrate] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2003; 27: 947-9. [PubMed: 14631314]

  (59 year old man developed jaundice 2 months after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 6.9 rising to 12.3 mg/dL, AST 5.5 times ULN, Alk P 3 times ULN], resolving within 3 months of stopping).
• Parra JL, Reddy KR. Hepatotoxicity of hypolipidemic drugs. Clin Liver Dis 2003; 7: 415-33. [PubMed: 12879992]

  (Review and discussion of individual lipid lowering agents; fenofibrate has been associated with both acute and chronic liver injury including cirrhosis; chronic injury often being accompanied by features of autoimmune hepatitis).
• Alsheikh-Ali AA, Kuvin JT, Karas RH. Risk of adverse events with fibrates. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 935-8. [PubMed: 15464682]

  (Review of adverse event reports to FDA for gemfibrozil and fenofibrate from 1999-2003; hepatotoxicity report rates were 13 per million for gemfibrozil vs 14.6 per million for fenofibrate).
• Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1018-23. [PubMed: 15390328]

  (Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 270 [0.5%] were done for drug induced acute liver failure, but no case was attributed to fenofibrate or other fibrates).
• Ho CY, Kuo TH, Chen TS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. Fenofibrate-induced acute cholestatic hepatitis. J Chin Med Assoc 2004; 67: 245-7. [PubMed: 15357112]

  (61 year old man developed jaundice 2 months after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 9.3 mg/dL, ALT 249 U/L, Alk P 259 U/L], resolving within 2 months of stopping).
• Ahmed F, Petrovic L, Rosen E, Gonzalez R, Jacobson IM. Fenofibrate-induced cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 312-3. [PubMed: 15745090]

  (62 year old man had abnormal liver tests without symptoms 11 months after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL, ALT 662 U/L, Alk P 57 U/L], resolving slowly upon stopping and biopsy showing cirrhosis with mild activity).
• K.

  eech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, Forder P, et al.; FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366 (9500): 1849-61. PubMed Citation (Among 9795 patients with diabetes treated with fenofibrate or placebo for an average of 5 years, ALT levels >3 times ULN occurred in 0.4% on fenofibrate vs 0.8% on placebo; clinically apparent hepatitis in 6 [0.1%] of both groups).
• Dohmen K, Wen CY, Nagaoka S, Yano K, Abiru S, Ueki T, Komori A, et al. Fenofibrate-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 7702-3. [PMC free article: PMC4727212] [PubMed: 16437706]

  (66 year old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis developed fever and rise in ALT [40 to 216 U/L] and Alk P [367 to 537 U/L] with eosinophilia [14%], 11 days after starting fenofibrate, liver enzymes falling to baseline 2 weeks after stopping).
• Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, García-Muñoz B, et al.; Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Disease. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 512-21. [PubMed: 16083708]

  (Analysis of 461 cases of drug induced liver disease 1984 to 2004 in Spanish Registry; 4 cases were attributed to fibrates, but no specific information given).
• Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Vicioso L, Gonzalez FJ, Pachkoria K, Garcia-Munoz B. Prolonged cholestasis after raloxifene and fenofibrate interaction: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 5244-6. [PMC free article: PMC4088030] [PubMed: 16937543]

  (60 year old woman developed dark urine 2 weeks after starting fenofibrate [bilirubin 9.6 mg/dL, ALT 241 U/L, Alk P 174 U/L], developing rash and prolonged jaundice [4 months] and persistence of Alk P elevations, with biopsy showing decrease in bile ducts; concurrent therapy with estrogen receptor modulator may have altered course).
• Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Kaplowitz N, García-Muņoz B, Borraz Y, Pachkoria K, García-Cortés M, et al. Outcome of acute idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: Long-term follow-up in a hepatotoxicity registry. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1581-8. [PubMed: 17133470]

  (28 of 493 [5.7%] cases of drug induced liver disease were found to have evidence of chronic injury; 2 chronic cholestatic cases were attributed to combinations of fibrates with other agents; gemfibrozil/lovastatin and fenofibrate/raloxifen).
• Tudesq N, Bentournes M. [Hepatitis induced by fibrates] Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2006; 64: 515-6. French. [PubMed: 17124754]

  (79 year old treated with fenofibrate for 4 years developed jaundice and ascites [bilirubin 2.7 mg/dL, ALT 36 U/L, AST 111 U/L, Alk P 639 U/L, IgG 2.4 g/mL, ANA 1:1,280], improving after stopping fenofibrate with jaundice, ascites and enzyme elevations resolving over next few months and ANA titer decreasing to 1:160).
• Davidson MH, Armani A, McKenney JM, Jacobson TA. Safety considerations with fibrate therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99 (suppl): 3C-18C. [PubMed: 17368275]

  (Review of several safety issues with fibrates; fibrates increase cholesterol levels in bile thus increasing cholesterol saturation; in epidemiologic studies there is a 1.7 increase in relative risk of cholelithiasis in patients on long term fibrates, most clearly shown for clofibrate; no discussion of hepatic injury).
• Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [PMC free article: PMC3654244] [PubMed: 18955056]

  (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, 1 case was attributed to fenofibrate, but none to clofibrate or gemfibrozil).
• Hajdu D, Aiglová K, Vinklerová I, Urbánek K. Acute cholestatic hepatitis induced by fenofibrate. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34: 599-602. [PubMed: 19744016]

  (50 year old woman developed jaundice 2 weeks after adding fenofibrate to a chronic regimen of atorvastatin and citalopram [bilirubin 31.2 mg/dL, ALT 156 U/L, Alk P 525 U/L, ANA and SMA negative], resolving within one month of stopping fenofibrate).
• Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [PMC free article: PMC3992250] [PubMed: 20949552]

  (Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, none of which were attributed to fibrates).
• Björnsson E, Talwalkar J, Treeprasertsuk S, Kamath PS, Takahashi N, Sanderson S, Neuhauser M, et al. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 2040-8. [PubMed: 20512992]

  (Retrospective analysis of 261 cases of autoimmune hepatitis, 24 [9%] of which were due to a medication; 11 nitrofurantoin, 11 minocylcine, but none attributed to fibrates).
• Liberopoulos EN, Florentin M, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP, Tsianos E. Fenofibrate in primary biliary cirrhosis: a pilot study. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4: 120-6. [PMC free article: PMC2885597] [PubMed: 20556204]

  (10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were treated either with fenofibrate [n=6] or continued on ursodiol [n=4] for 8 weeks; serum ALT and Alk P improved with fenofibrate therapy and no patient had worsening of disease).
• Roth EM, McKenney JM, Kelly MT, Setze CM, Carlson DM, Gold A, Stolzenbach JC, et al. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid combination therapy versus simvastatin monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized, double-blind study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 10: 175-86. (Controlled trial. [PubMed: 20524719]

  of several doses of fenofibrate combined with rosuvastatin vs simvastatin alone in 474 patients with hypercholesterolemia; 1% of fenofibrate/rosuvastatin vs 0% of simvastatin treated patients had an ALT elevation >5 times ULN, but none had clinically apparent liver injury).
• Levy C, Peter JA, Nelson DR, Keach J, Petz J, Cabrera R, Clark V, et al. Pilot study: fenofibrate for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 235-42. [PubMed: 21083674]

  (20 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with an incomplete response to ursodiol were treated with fenofibrate for 48 weeks; none had worsening of liver disease and mean serum AST and Alk P levels improved).
• Czaja AJ. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 958-76. [PubMed: 21327704]

  (Review of drug induced autoimmune hepatitis, the principal causes being minocycline and nitrofurantoin; other caues being methyldopa, hydralazine, statins, fibrates, diclofenac, anti-TNF agents, interferons, propylthiouracil and isoniazid).
• Farnier M, Marcereuil D, De Niet S, Ducobu J, Steinmetz A, Retterstøl K, Bryniarski L, et al. Safety of a fixed-dose combination of fenofibrate/pravastatin 160 mg/40 mg in patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia: a pooled analysis from a database of clinical trials. Clin Drug Investig 2012; 32: 281-91. [PubMed: 22350498]

  (Pooled analysis of 5 large trials of fenofibrate vs a statin vs the combination for 12-64 weeks found ALT >3 times ULN in 1.6% of subjects on fenofibrate and 0.4% on the combination; one patient had "hepatic insufficiency of moderate intensity", but the event was considered "non-serious" because it did not lead to "patient withdrawal").
• Geng Q, Ren J, Chen H, Lee C, Liang W. Adverse events following statin-fenofibrate therapy versus statin alone: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40: 219-26. [PubMed: 23324122]

  (Systematic review of the safety of the combination of fenofibrate and statins found higher rates of ALT and AST elevations with the combination than with statins alone).
• Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. [PubMed: 23419359]

  (In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, of which 2 were attributed to atorvastatin and 1 to simvastatin, but none to fibrates).
• Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [PubMed: 24552865]

  (Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, but none were attributed to a fibrates).
• Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]

  (Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 4 cases [0.5%] were attributed to fenofibrate).