| Study Populationa | Exposed Casesb | Exposure of Interest/Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIETNAM VETERANS | |||
| US Vietnam Veterans | |||
| US Air Force Health Study—Ranch Hand veterans vs SEA veterans (unless otherwise noted) | All COIs | ||
| Incidence—basal cell, squamous cell | |||
| 1982–2003—White SEA comparison veterans only (n = 1,482). Serum TCDD (pg/g) based on model with exposure variable loge(TCDD) | 253 | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | Pavuk et al., 2005 |
| Per unit increase of –loge(TCDD) (pg/g) Quartiles (pg/g): | |||
| 0.4–2.6 | 50 | nr | |
| 2.6–3.8 | 59 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |
| 3.8–5.2 | 71 | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | |
| > 5.2 | 73 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | |
| Number of years served in SEA (per year of service) | 253 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | |
| Quartiles (years in SEA): | |||
| 0.8–1.3 | 55 | nr | |
| 1.3–2.1 | 50 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | |
| 2.1–3.7 | 73 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | |
| 3.7–16.4 | 75 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Attended 1987 exam—Ranch Hand personnel (n = 995) vs SEA veterans (n = 1,299) | Wolfe et al., 1990 | ||
| Basal-cell carcinoma | 78 | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | |
| Squamous-cell carcinoma | 6 | 1.6 (0.5–5.1) | |
| International Vietnam-Veteran Study | |||
| Australian Vietnam Veterans—58,077 men and 153 women served on land or in Vietnamese waters during 5/23/1962–7/1/1973 vs Australian population | All COIs | ||
| Incidence | |||
| Validation Study (expected number of exposed cases) | |||
| Men | 6,936 | nr | CDVA, 1998a |
| Women | 37 | nr | CDVA, 1998b |
| OCCUPATIONAL—INDUSTRIAL | |||
| IARC Phenoxy Herbicide Cohort—Workers exposed to any phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol (production or spraying) vs respective national mortality rates | 4 | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | |
| Mortality 1939–1992 | Kogevinas et al., 1997 | ||
| 13,831 exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 4 | 1.3 (0.3–3.2) | |
| 7,553 not exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | |
| British MCPA Plant—Production 1947–1982 (n = 1,545) (included in IARC cohort) and spraying 1947–1972 (n = 2,561) (not included in IARC cohort) | MCPA | ||
| Mortality through 1983 | 3 | 3.1 (0.6–9.0) | Coggon et al., 1986 |
| NIOSH Mortality Cohort (12 US plants, 5,172 male production and maintenance workers 1942–1984) (included in IARC cohort as of 1997) | Dioxins, phenoxy herbicides | ||
| Dow 2,4-D Production Workers (1945–1982 in Midland, Michigan) (subset of all TCP-exposed workers) | 2,4-D, lower chlorinated dioxins | ||
| Through 1994 (n = 1,517) | 0 | nr | Burns et al., 2001 |
| OCCUPATIONAL—HERBICIDE-USING | |||
| WORKERS (not related to IARC sprayer cohorts) | |||
| DENMARK | |||
| Danish Farmers—incidence from linking farmers on 1970 census with national cancer registry (1970–1980) | Herbicides | Ronco et al., 1992 | |
| Men | |||
| Self-employed | 493 | 0.7 (p < 0.05) | |
| Employee | 98 | 0.7 (p < 0.05) | |
| Women | |||
| Self-employed | 5 | 0.3 (p < 0.05) | |
| Employee | 10 | 0.9 (nr) | |
| Family worker | 90 | 0.6 (p < 0.05) | |
| Danish gardeners—incidence from 3,156 male and 859 female gardeners (skin, ICD-7 190–191) | 31 | Herbicides 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | Hansen et al., 2007 |
| 25-year followup (1975–2001) | |||
| Born before 1915 (high exposure) | 28 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | |
| Born 1915–1934 (medium exposure) | 36 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | |
| Born after 1934 (low exposure) | 5 | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | |
| ICELANDIC pesticide users (n = 2,449, 1,860 men and 589 women), 2,4-D used most often, little 2,4,5-T | Zhong and Rafnsson, 1996 | ||
| Men | 5 | 2.8 (0.9–6.6) | |
| Men, women combined | 5 | 2.6 (0.8–6.1) | |
| ITALIAN Licensed Pesticide Users—male farmers in southern Piedmont licensed 1970–1974 | |||
| Mortality 1970–1986 (n = 23,401) | 3 | 0.6 (0.1–1.8) | Torchio et al., 1994 |
| SWEDEN | |||
| Incident melanoma cases 1961–1973 with agriculture as economic activity in 1960 census Swedish lumberjacks—used phenoxys 1954–1967, Incidence 1958–1992 | 99% CI | Wiklund, 1983 | |
| 708 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | ||
| Thörn et al., 2000 | |||
| Exposed (n = 154) | |||
| Foremen (n = 15) | 1 | 16.7 (0.2–92.7) | |
| Lumberjacks (n = 139) | 0 | — | |
| Unexposed lumberjacks (n = 241) | 3 | 2.0 (0.4–5.8) | |
| THE NETHERLANDS | |||
| Dutch Licensed Herbicide Sprayers—1,341 certified before 1980 | |||
| Through 2000—melanoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, unknown skin cancer (mortality presumably attributable to melanoma) | 5 | 3.6 (1.2–8.3) | Swaen et al., 2004 |
| UNITED STATES | |||
| US farmers—usual occupation of farmer and industry of agriculture on death certificates 1984–1988 from 23 states (skin, including melanoma) | Herbicides PCMRs | Blair et al., 1993 | |
| Men | |||
| Whites (n = 119,648) | 425 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 11,446) | 13 | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | |
| Women | |||
| Whites (n = 2,400) | 6 | 1.0 (0.4–2.1) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 2,066) | 3 | 1.8 (0.4–5.4) | |
| ENVIRONMENTAL | |||
| Seveso, Italy Residential Cohort—Industrial accident July 10, 1976 (723 residents Zone A; 4,821 Zone B; 31,643 Zone R; 181,574 local reference group) | TCDD | ||
| Incidence | |||
| 20-yr followup to 1996—men and women | Pesatori et al., 2009 | ||
| Zone A | 3 | 1.4 (0.5–4.3) | |
| Zone B | 5 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | |
| Zone R | 88 | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | |
| 10-yr followup to 1991—men | Bertazzi et al., 1993 | ||
| Zone A | 1 | 2.4 (0.3–17.2) | |
| Zone B | 2 | 0.7 (0.2–2.9) | |
| Zone R | 20 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | |
| 10-yr followup to 1991—women | Bertazzi et al., 1993 | ||
| Zone A | 1 | 3.9 (0.5–28.1) | |
| Zone B | 2 | 1.3 (0.3–5.1) | |
| Zone R | 13 | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | |
| Other International Environmental Study | |||
| Swedish fishermen (high consumption of fish with persistent organochlorines) | Organochlorine compounds | Svensson et al., 1995 | |
| Incidence | |||
| East coast | 22 | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) | |
| West coast | 69 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | |
| Mortality | |||
| East coast | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–15.4) | |
| West coast | 5 | 3.1 (1.0–7.1) | |
| CASE-CONTROL STUDIES | |||
| International Case-Control Studies | |||
| Alberta, Canada residents—squamous-cell carcinoma—incidence | Herbicides | Gallagher et al., 1996 | |
| All herbicide exposure | 79 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | |
| Low herbicide exposure | 33 | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) | |
| High herbicide exposure | 46 | 3.9 (2.2–6.9) | |
| Alberta, Canada residents—basal-cell carcinoma | Herbicides | Gallagher et al., 1996 | |
| All herbicide exposure | 70 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | |
NOTE: 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; CI, confidence interval; COI, chemical of interest; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; MCPA, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; nr, not reported; PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (highly chlorinated, if four or more chlorines); PCMR, proportionate cancer mortality ratios; SEA, Southeast Asia; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCP, trichlorophenol.
Subjects are male and outcome is mortality unless otherwise noted.
Given when available; results other than estimated risk explained individually.
From: 8, Cancer
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