Peptidase S8 family domain in Lantiobiotic (lanthionine-containing antibiotics) specific proteases
Lantiobiotic (lanthionine-containing antibiotics) specific proteases are very similar in structure to serine proteases. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised antimicrobial agents derived from ribosomally synthesised peptides with antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. The proteases that cleave the N-terminal leader peptides from lantiobiotics include: epiP, nsuP, mutP, and nisP. EpiP, from Staphylococcus, is thought to cleave matured epidermin. NsuP, a dehydratase from Streptococcus and NisP, a membrane-anchored subtilisin-like serine protease from Lactococcus cleave nisin. MutP is highly similar to epiP and nisP and is thought to process the prepeptide mutacin III of S. mutans. Members of the peptidases S8 (subtilisin and kexin) and S53 (sedolisin) clan include endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. Serine acts as a nucleophile, aspartate as an electrophile, and histidine as a base. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser with an additional acidic residue Asp in the oxyanion hole, similar to that of subtilisin. The serine residue here is the nucleophilic equivalent of the serine residue in the S8 family, while glutamic acid has the same role here as the histidine base. However, the aspartic acid residue that acts as an electrophile is quite different. In S53 the it follows glutamic acid, while in S8 it precedes histidine. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. There is a great diversity in the characteristics of their members: some contain disulfide bonds, some are intracellular while others are extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures, and others at high or low pH values.
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