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    SEX1 Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

    Gene ID: 837619, updated on 7-Sep-2023

    Summary

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    Gene symbol
    SEX1
    Gene description
    Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein
    Primary source
    Araport:AT1G10760
    Locus tag
    AT1G10760
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
    Also known as
    GWD; GWD1; SOP; SOP1; STARCH EXCESS 1; T16B5.10; T16B5_10
    Summary
    Encodes an alpha-glucan, water dikinase required for starch degradation. Involved in cold-induced freezing tolerance. Mutations that eliminate the GWD protein or affect the dikinase domain of the enzyme dramatically reduce both the amount of phosphate in the amylopectin and the rate of starch degradation. Mature leaves of these mutants accumulate amounts of starch up to seven times greater than those in wild-type leaves. NMR analysis of the mutants, suggests that the gene is specifically involved in the phosphorylation of the glucosyl residues of starch at the C6 position.
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    Genomic context

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    Location:
    chromosome: 1
    Exon count:
    34
    Sequence:
    Chromosome: 1; NC_003070.9 (3580830..3590928, complement)

    Chromosome 1 - NC_003070.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene maternally expressed family protein Neighboring gene carboxyl-terminal peptidase, putative (DUF239) Neighboring gene ncRNA Neighboring gene Plant invertase/pectin methylesterase inhibitor superfamily protein Neighboring gene F-box/RNI-like superfamily protein

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_003070.9

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Phosphorylation of C6- and C3-positions of glucosyl residues in starch is catalysed by distinct dikinases. Ritte G, et al. FEBS Lett, 2006 Sep 4. PMID 16914145
    2. The Arabidopsis sex1 mutant is defective in the R1 protein, a general regulator of starch degradation in plants, and not in the chloroplast hexose transporter. Yu TS, et al. Plant Cell, 2001 Aug. PMID 11487701, Free PMC Article
    3. Starch-related alpha-glucan/water dikinase is involved in the cold-induced development of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Yano R, et al. Plant Physiol, 2005 Jun. PMID 15894744, Free PMC Article
    4. Cytosolic proline is required for basal freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Hoermiller II, et al. Plant Cell Environ, 2022 Jan. PMID 34605046
    5. Mutations in leaf starch metabolism modulate the diurnal root growth profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana. Yazdanbakhsh N, et al. Plant Signal Behav, 2011 Jul. PMID 21691153, Free PMC Article

    See all (20) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Cytosolic proline is required for basal freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis.
      Title: Cytosolic proline is required for basal freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis.
    2. pgm, sex1, mex1, dpe1 and dpe2 starch metabolism mutants grown in three different photoperiods display root growth patterns of all genotypes characteristic modifications in their diurnal kinetics that were also affected by the photoperiod.
      Title: Mutations in leaf starch metabolism modulate the diurnal root growth profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana.
    3. The role of alpha-glucan/water dikinase in the development of cold tolerance in conjunction with SEX1 protein is reported.
      Title: Starch-related alpha-glucan/water dikinase is involved in the cold-induced development of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    NM_001331926.1
    NM_001331927.1
    NM_100952.4

    Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables alpha-glucan, water dikinase activity IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables alpha-glucan, water dikinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables mRNA binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables maltodextrin water dikinase IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables starch, H2O dikinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of_or_within cold acclimation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within response to symbiotic fungus IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within starch catabolic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in chloroplast HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast ISM
    Inferred from Sequence Model
    more info
    		  
    located_in chloroplast envelope HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast stroma HDA PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion HDA PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein
    NP_001318975.1
    • STARCH EXCESS 1 (SEX1); FUNCTIONS IN: protein binding, alpha-glucan, water dikinase activity; INVOLVED IN: cold acclimation, response to symbiotic fungus, response to trehalose stimulus, circadian rhythm, starch catabolic process; LOCATED IN: mitochondrion, chloroplast stroma, chloroplast, chloroplast envelope; EXPRESSED IN: 24 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 14 growth stages; CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate-binding (InterPro:IPR002192); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: phosphoglucan, water dikinase (TAIR:AT4G24450.1); Has 2623 Blast hits to 2596 proteins in 1116 species: Archae - 196; Bacteria - 1989; Metazoa - 24; Fungi - 8; Plants - 221; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 185 (source: NCBI BLink).

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_003070.9 Reference assembly

      Range
      3580830..3590928 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001331926.1 → NP_001318975.1  Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q93VD0, Q940Z0, Q9FPP2, Q9SAC6, Q9SGX4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178WBL6, A0A5S9TPR3, A0A654E8L0
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PLN02784
      Location:1 → 526
      PLN02784; alpha-amylase
      pfam01326
      Location:1091 → 1398
      PPDK_N; Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain

    2. NM_001331927.1 → NP_001320611.1  Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q93VD0, Q940Z0, Q9FPP2, Q9SAC6, Q9SGX4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178WBL6, A0A5S9TPR3, A0A654E8L0
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PLN02784
      Location:1 → 526
      PLN02784; alpha-amylase
      pfam01326
      Location:1091 → 1398
      PPDK_N; Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain

    3. NM_100952.4 → NP_563877.1  Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_563877.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q93VD0, Q940Z0, Q9FPP2, Q9SAC6, Q9SGX4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178WBL6, A0A5S9TPR3, A0A654E8L0
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PLN02784
      Location:1 → 526
      PLN02784; alpha-amylase
      pfam01326
      Location:1091 → 1398
      PPDK_N; Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding domain
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9SAC6.2

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