PMC

Biodegradation of benzene in enriched cultures under nitrate-reducing (closed squares, replicates from experiment 1; open squares, replicates from experiment 2), sulfate-reducing (closed triangles, replicates from one experiment), and methanogenic (closed circles, replicates from experiment 1; open circles, replicates from experiment 2) conditions. (A) Concentration of benzene versus time during biodegradation of benzene in enriched cultures. Error bars represent ±5% error on individual benzene concentrations. Note that the scale on the x axis is different for the methanogenic experiment. (B) δ¹³C of remaining benzene versus fraction of benzene remaining during biodegradation of benzene. The error on the x axis is ±7%, based on the propagation of ±5% error through the equation for the fraction of benzene remaining (concentration at time t/initial concentration). All error bars on δ¹³C values represent ±0.5‰ (incorporating both accuracy and reproducibility [see text]). The dashed lines represent ±0.5‰ error on the mean δ¹³C values for all controls. (C) δ²H of remaining benzene versus fraction of benzene remaining during biodegradation of benzene. The error on the x axis is ±7%, based on the propagation of ±5% error through the equation for fraction of benzene remaining (concentration at time t/initial concentration). All error bars on δ²H values represent ±5‰ (incorporating both accuracy and reproducibility [see text]). The dashed lines represent ±5‰ error on the mean δ²H values for all controls.

a, Benzene adsorption isotherms of BUT-53 to BUT-58 at 298 K. b, Logarithmic-scale plots of P/P₀ to view the benzene adsorption of BUT-53 to BUT-58 at low partial pressure. c, Benzene uptakes of BUT-53 to BUT-58 compared with representative porous sorbents at low relative pressure. d, Benzene breakthrough curves for BUT-55 and Co(BDP) recorded at different relative humidities at 298 K.

a Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G100 (ChCl:Gly + 0%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. b Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G80Et20 (ChCl:Gly + 20%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. c Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G60Et40 (ChCl:Gly + 40%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. d Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G50Et50 (ChCl:Gly + 50%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. e Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G40Et60 (ChCl:Gly + 60%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. f Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G20Et80 (ChCl:Gly + 80%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. g Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G5Et95 (ChCl:Gly + 95%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure

a Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E100 (ChCl:EG + 0%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. b Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E80Et20 (ChCl:EG + 20%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. c: Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E60Et40 (ChCl:EG + 40%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. d Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E50Et50 (ChCl:EG + 50%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. e Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E40Et60 (ChCl:EG + 60%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. f Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E20Et80 (ChCl:EG + 80%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. g Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E5Et95 (ChCl:EG + 95%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure

a Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R100 (ChCl:Ur + 0%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. b Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R80Et20 (ChCl:Ur + 20%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. c Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R60Et40 (ChCl:Ur + 40%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. d Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R50Et50 (ChCl:Ur + 50%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. e Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R40Et60 (ChCl:Ur + 60%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. f Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R20Et80 (ChCl:Ur + 80%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. g Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + R5Et95 (ChCl:Ur + 95%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure

a Traditional industry route for benzene production. b Natural gas route for benzene production. c Lignin-to-benzene route.

Effects of benzene, quercetin extract, and their combination on the release of progesterone in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Parts marked “a” show the effect of quercetin extract (significant difference () between cells cultured without and with quercetin addition at three different levels without benzene), b the effect of benzene (significant difference () between cells cultured with or without benzene for each quercetin dose separately), c the effect of quercetin extract at simultaneous benzene presence (significant difference () between a cell cultured with and without quercetin addition at three different levels with simultaneous benzene addition); effect of benzene alone (20 g mL) is displayed for quercetin dose at 0 g mL.

Effects of benzene, quercetin extract, and their combination on apoptosis in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Parts marked “a” show the effect of quercetin extract (significant difference () between cells cultured without and with quercetin addition at three different levels without benzene), b the effect of benzene (significant difference () between cells cultured with or without benzene for each quercetin dose separately), and c the effect of quercetin extract at simultaneous benzene presence (significant difference () between a cell cultured with and without quercetin addition at three different levels with simultaneous benzene addition); effect of benzene alone (20 g mL) is displayed for quercetin dose at 0 g mL.

Effects of benzene, quercetin extract, and their combination on the release of oxytocin in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Parts marked “a” show the effect of quercetin extract (significant difference () between cells cultured without and with quercetin addition at three different levels without benzene), b the effect of benzene (significant difference () between cells cultured with or without benzene for each quercetin dose separately), c the effect of quercetin extract at simultaneous benzene presence (significant difference () between a cell cultured with and without quercetin addition at three different levels with simultaneous benzene addition); effect of benzene alone (20 g mL) is displayed for quercetin dose at 0 g mL.

Effects of benzene, quercetin extract, and their combination on cell proliferation in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Parts marked “a” show the effect of quercetin extract (significant difference () between cells cultured without and with quercetin addition at three different levels without benzene), b the effect of benzene (significant difference, ) between cells cultured with or without benzene for each quercetin dose separately), and c the effect of quercetin extract with simultaneous benzene presence (significant difference () between a cell cultured with and without quercetin addition at three different levels with simultaneous benzene addition); effect of benzene alone (20 g mL) is displayed for quercetin dose at 0 g mL.

Effects of benzene, quercetin extract, and their combination on the release of prostaglandin F in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Parts marked “a” show the effect of quercetin extract (significant difference () between cells cultured without and with quercetin addition at three different levels without benzene), b the effect of benzene (significant difference () between cells cultured with or without benzene for each quercetin dose separately), c the effect of quercetin extract at simultaneous benzene presence (significant difference () between a cell cultured with and without quercetin addition at three different levels with simultaneous benzene addition); effect of benzene alone (20 ng  mL) is displayed for quercetin dose at 0 ng  mL

a), Prior methods for the selective deuteration of benzene can lead to over-reduction and a mixture of isotopologues. b) The current approach provides access to cyclohexene isotopologues and stereoisotopomers, c) the dearomatized benzene complex WTp(NO)(PMe₃)(η²-benzene).

Different ways to produce neutral and positive charged benzene diols via O₂⁻ collisions with C₆H₆; ―, single benzene ionization plus O₂⁻ Coulomb attraction to produce neutral diol configurations; ―, same process but producing an autoionizing state which decay to the benzene diol cation. ―, double benzene ionization plus Coulomb attraction leading to benzene diol cation formation.

B: benzene; T: toluene; X: xylene; S: styrene.

Near-UV CD spectra of pOBP collected at different concentrations of benzene (0–10 μM).

Note that benzene in the T₁ state can act as a triplet sensitizer of benzvalene 4, which ring-opens to the S₀ state of benzene.

Gas chromatogram of a benzene sample treated with AaeAPO: benzene (1), benzene oxide (2a), and phenol (3). The inset (2b) shows the 70 eV mass spectrum of benzene oxide obtained by LC-MS/MS.

Relationship between the anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in groundwater at two ethanol spill sites and the concentration of ethanol in the groundwater, the thermodynamic feasibility for the anaerobic biodegradation of toluene, and the feasibility of benzene degradation. A decrease in the ratio of the concentration of toluene to benzene is considered an indication of toluene biodegradation. Solid symbols in panels (d) and (f) are exceptions; see text for description. (a) Ratio of toluene to benzene at Montvale site, (b) ratio of toluene to benzene at Berryville site, (c) toluene at Montvale site, (d) toluene at Berryville Site, (e) benzene at Montvale site, (f) benzene at Berryville site.

Products , and observed in the reaction between and benzene.

T_c increases from 5 K for K_xphenanthrene with three benzene rings to 18 K for K_xpicene with five benzene rings, and up to 33.1 K for K_xdibenzopentacene with seven benzene rings, shows linear relativity to the number of benzene rings.