PMC

Expression pattern of different Zat transcripts during stress. (A) Relative expression of Zat6, Zat10, Zat11 and Zat12 transcripts in leaves of Arabidopsis subjected to different stresses. (B) Relative expression of Zat6, Zat10, Zat11 and Zat12 transcripts in roots of Arabidopsis subjected to different stresses. Data acquisition and calculation of relative expression for each stress treatment were performed as described in Materials and methods.

Tolerance of gain- and loss-of-function Zat10 Arabidopsis seedlings to abiotic stress. (A) Root growth of control (WT), knockout Zat10 (KO-Zat10), and two independent lines with constitutive expression of Zat10 (Zat10-OE1 and 2) subjected to osmotic stress. (B) Root growth of control (WT) and three independent RNAi lines for Zat10 (Zat10-RNAi) subjected to osmotic stress. (C) Root growth of control (WT), knockout Zat10 (KO-Zat10), and two independent lines with constitutive expression of Zat10 (Zat10-OE1 and 2) subjected to salinity stress. (D) Root growth of control (WT) and three independent RNAi lines for Zat10 (Zat10-RNAi) subjected to salinity stress. (E) Root growth of control (WT), knockout Zat10 (KO-Zat10), and two independent lines with constitutive expression of Zat10 (Zat10-OE1 and 2) subjected to heat stress. (F) Root growth of control (WT) and three independent RNAi lines for Zat10 (Zat10-RNAi) subjected to heat stress. Stress assays were performed as described in Material and methods. ^**, t-test significant at p < 0.01; ^*, t-test significant at p < 0.05 (n=45).

Characterization of transgenic Arabidopsis plants with constitutive expression of Zat10. (A) Top: Photographs of 3-week-old control (WT) and three independent lines expressing Zat10 (Zat10-OE1-3) grown under controlled growth conditions. Bottom: Biomass (fresh weight) of 4-week-old WT and Zat10-OE lines. (B) RNA blot analysis showing the expression of Zat10, APX1, APX2 and FSD1 in control (WT) and three independent lines expressing Zat10 (Zat10-OE1-3) grown under controlled growth conditions. (C) RNA blot analysis showing the expression of different abiotic stress-response transcripts in WT and Zat10-OE plants grown under controlled conditions or subjected to cold stress, salinity stress or ABA application. Plant growth and RNA blot analysis were performed as described in Material and methods. ^**, t-test significant at p < 0.01 (n=40).

Expression of defense transcripts in loss-of-function Zat10 lines during stress. (A) RNA blots showing the expression of APX2 and FSD1 in control plants (WT), knockout plants for Zat10 (KO-Zat10), and transgenic plants with constitutive expression of Zat10 (Zat10-OE) subjected to a light stress treatment for 0, 1 and 3 hours. (B) RNA blot analysis showing the expression of different abiotic stress-response transcripts in WT and KO-Zat10 plants grown under controlled conditions or subjected to cold stress, salinity stress or ABA application. (C) RNA blot analysis showing the expression of different abiotic stress-response transcripts in WT and Zat10 RNAi (Zat10-RNAi1) plants subjected to salinity stress for 0, 6 and 24 hours. Plant growth, light stress treatments and RNA blot analysis were performed as described in Material and methods. Abbreviations: HL, high light; LL, low light.