PMC

Variation of parameters of the electromagnetic coil with coil turns under different wire width. (a) Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil with coil turns under different wire width. (b) Current intenstity of the electromagnetic coil with coil turns under different wire width. (c) Resistance of the electromagnetic coil with coil turns under different wire width. (d) Electric power of the electromagnetic coil with coil turns under different wire width.

Influence of wire width and coil turns on the parameters of the electromagnetic coil. (a) Influence of wire width and coil turns on Resistance of the electromagnetic coil. (b) Influence of wire width and coil turns on Current intensity of the electromagnetic coil. (c) Influence of wire width and coil turns on Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil. (d) Influence of wire width and coil turns on Electric power of the electromagnetic coil.

(A-D) The process of aneurysm perforation due to coil delivery wire advancement. Green line: the microcatheter for coil embolization, Black line: the coil, Yellow line: the coil alignment marker, Blue line: the perforated coil delivery wire, Black point: the second microcatheter marker, Grey area: the low-profile visible intraluminal support device (LVIS). (A) A microcatheter was inserted into the aneurysm, conforming to the shape of the blood vessel. (B) An LVIS was placed at the aneurysm neck. (C) The movement of the microcatheter tip was restricted by the LVIS. Deflection of the proximal portion of the microcatheter was released, and the microcatheter was straightened. A coil was inserted into the aneurysm against resistance. (D) After coil detachment, deflection of the coil delivery wire was released, and the aneurysm was perforated. (E-F) Photographs of the Target coil detachment zone. (E) The coil (0.010 inch) and the coil delivery wire (0.014 inch) are connected in the detachment zone (arrow). (F) The sharp tip (arrowhead) of the coil delivery wire after coil detachment.

Pictures of ‘S’ shaped Vuse ALTO coils with three different conditions. ‘New Coil’ is a never used coil, ‘Pre-Failed’ is a coil which had been used until the pod appeared nearly empty of E-Liquid, and ‘Failed’ is a coil which had been used until its re resistance value increased to ~ 400 [KΩ].

Structure of the micro‐coil floated on the loop antenna. a) Conceptual figure of the micro‐coil floated on the loop antenna. b) Q‐factors according to the trace widths of the loop antennas. c) DC resistance comparison of loop antennas with and without the floating coil. d) H‐field and E‐field of a loop antenna without the floating coil. e) Inductance comparison of loop antennas with and without the floating coil and the mutual inductance. f) Real impedance comparison of loop antennas with and without the floating coil. g) E‐field and H‐field of a loop antenna with the floating coil. h) Matching point variations according to the fill factor of the floating coil and the trace width of the loop antenna. i) Scattering parameters S11 comparison of loop antennas with and without the floating coil.

Influence of wire thickness on the parameters of the electromagnetic coil under different wire width. (a) Influence of wire thickness on the Resistance of the electromagnetic coil under different wire width. (b) Influence of wire thickness on the Current intensity of the electromagnetic coil under different wire width. (c) Influence of wire thickness on the Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil under different wire width. (d) Influence of wire thickness on the Electric power of the electromagnetic coil under different wire width.

B1 versus input current for low power MOSFET (10 W, MRF6V2010N, Freescale) connected to 4-turn coil (coil C) and high power MOSFET (250 W, MRF275G, Maacom) connected to single-turn coil (coil A) (a). Output resistance (b) and reactance (c) versus V_DD for both FETs.

Minimizing leakage currents through the TMS coil. a: Low-frequency leakage currents I_leak are only limited by the low resistance R_TMS of the TMS coil. Therefore, even small residual voltages can cause significant leakage currents I_TMS flowing through the TMS coil. b: To minimize I_TMS, a relay with minimal resistance R_rel is inserted in parallel to the TMS coil and two high-voltage diodes are inserted in series. The diode arrangement ensures that the effective coil resistance R_TMS is very large (>100 kΩ) when the voltage across the coil and diodes is less than ≈0.5 V. Thus, when the relay is closed it shorts the leakage current, preventing it from flowing through the TMS coil. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.]

Simulations indicate that FoM1 peaks at N = 6 (experimental agreement with ), dips to a minimum at N = 9 and subsequently rises consistently. In region I (N ≤ 6), the imaging coil dominates inductively-coupled current, so FoM1 ≤ 1. In regions II and III, the tracking coil has an impact on overall induced current. In region II (N = 7, 8, 9), increased tracking coil resistance causes a dip in FoM1. In region III, induced current in the tracking coil dominates and FoM1 rises above 1 at N = 18. FoM2 is highest while the imaging coil is dominant and declines rapidly once tracking coil dominates. Note the trade-offs between FoM1 and FoM2.

Scheme of the vibrating wire sensor with electric cables. (A) Wire sensor section: –equivalent wire parameters, –drive coil inductance, –drive coil resistance, –pick up coil inductance, –pick up coil resistance and –mutual inductance; (B) the cable section: –a T-type equivalent model of the power cable, and –a T-type equivalent model of the feedback cable; and (C) the power section: E–voltage source, –internal resistance of the source, and –reference resistance.

Thermocouple placement inside of a black-market ceramic coil cartridge containing Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol with 1.5 Ω resistance and applied battery voltage of 3.7 V (A) Near the bottom of the cartridge. (B) Slightly below the bottom of the ceramic coil. (C) Inside the ceramic coil near the center.

A schematic resonant circuit for an MRI coil producing a certain B₁ field. Rc is the coil resistance and Rs is the resistance reflected into the coil circuit by the imaging subject load. B₁ is proportional to current I in the coil and Power loss = I² · (Rc + Rs). Shown also are pickup loops used by the scanner to monitor the B₁ RF field produced by the coil.

Concept diagram depicting coiling of the paraclinoid aneurysm using a partially inflated balloon. (A) A loop-shaped microcatheter is introduced into the aneurysm. (B) The coil protrudes out of the aneurysm because of resistance of the coil within the aneurysm and withdrawal of the microcatheter. (C) Coil packing can be accomplished by supporting the microcatheter loop with the partially inflated balloon.

a Schematic of the experimental setup and equivalent inductance model of Ag NFs coil. b Schematic diagram and SEM images of the evolution of the Ag NFs under different tensile strains. c Inductance L, resistance R_S, and quality factor Q versus frequency for single-turn coil shown in b. d Inductance variation versus tensile strain for the single-turn coil. Inset: Smith chart of single-turn coil. e Inductance L, resistance R_S, and quality factor Q versus tensile strain at 10 MHz. f Stability measurement of single-turn coil. The cycle period is over 3000 cycles for ε = 100%. Insets: inductance before and after cyclic endurance.

Coil resistance value vs. pod mass before each session starting from brand new full pod until failure where the pod visually looks empty for N = 15 pods tested in this study. Each pod is represented by a different marker color.

Illustration of the advanced retrieval technique with intentional trapping of the coil: The coil is passed with the microwire (A) followed by the microcatheter (B). Note that displacement of the coil might be encountered. The stent retriever should cover the coil with its distal two-thirds (C). The microcatheter is pushed forward while gently pulling back the stent retriever at the same time (D) to trap the coil. A resistance signals that the coil has been locked within the stent. At this point, both the microcatheter and the stent retriever are carefully withdrawn under fluoroscopic control.

Measured inductance and resistance versus frequency for coil on: air and 1 mm-thick aluminum plate.

Line drawing of a Cerecyte coil, consisting of a regular bare platinum coil with PGA running through the lumen of the primary platinum wind of the Cerecyte coil (arrows). This also provides stretch resistance when placing coils into the aneurysm. There is some space between the platinum primary winding of the coil for water to pass inside the loops, leading to hydrolysis of the PGA within the coil.

Monte Carlo analysis of the equivalent resistance of the pickup coil.

(a) The curves were produced by moving a 5 cm spherical balloon towards each sensor at a constant rate, starting at a distance of 8 cm and moving closer until the balloon and sensor were touching (0 cm). Maximum sensor range was defined as a 10% change in resistance from baseline (=0), which was determined to be the chance in signal necessary to overcome noise (SNR = 10). At the point where the signal is 10% of the maximum generated signal, we draw a vertical line and call it the distance threshold (the point at which we have overcome noise, as defined by the SNR, and we can be confident we are detecting changes in signal). The distance threshold is 4.97 cm for the large coil (blue, 3.99 cm for the medium coil (red), and 2.29 cm for the small coil (yellow). As expected, maximum sensor range varied directly as a function of coil size, with the largest coil having the largest range and the smallest coil having the smallest range. While the medium coil rises much faster than the large coil, the 10% threshold is lower, as expected, than the large coil. Using these ranges, we can predict lesion depth based on the pattern of activated sensors. (b) Tuning curves showing the change in resistance as a function of volume in a solenoid coil, demonstrating a volumetric dose–response relationship. These curves may be used to predict the volume of lesion.