PMC

Ubiquitin–protein conjugation in diaphragm muscle homogenates of patients with COPD (n = 7) compared with the patients without COPD (n = 5). (A) Total optical density of ubiquitin–protein conjugates in diaphragm muscle homogenates. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 difference from group without COPD. (B) Antiubiquitin immunoblot of diaphragm muscle homogenates from patients with and without COPD. Each lane shows result for a diaphragm muscle homogenate from one patient. Molecular weight markers are shown in kilodaltons. Note the appearance of additional ubiquitin-protein conjugates with molecular masses between approximately 75 and 250 kD in diaphragm muscle homogenates from patients with COPD. Also, optical density of ubiquitin–protein conjugates with molecular masses of approximately 30 and approximately 70 kD, present in diaphragm muscle homogenates from patients without COPD, was increased in diaphragm muscle homogenates from patients with COPD.

a Mean values and standard deviation of myogenin, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. b Mean values and standard deviation of PPAR-α, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant, *p ≤ 0.05 and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. c Mean values and standard deviation of PPAR-gamma, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: *p ≤ 0.05 and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. d Mean values and standard deviation of PGC-1α, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. a.u. arbitrary units, E–U elastase–urethane, OD optical densities, PPAR- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; PPAR- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PGC-1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, U urethane

a Mean values and standard deviation of MDA, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: (i) n.s.: non-significant and **p ≤ 0.01 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. b Mean values and standard deviation of SOD1, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. c Mean values and standard deviation of SOD2, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. d Mean values and standard deviation of catalase, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. a.u. arbitrary units, E–U elastase–urethane, MDA malondialdehyde, OD optical densities, SOD1 superoxide dismutase isoform 1, SOD2 superoxide dismutase isoform 2, U urethane

a Mean values and standard deviation of skeletal muscle actin, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. b Mean values and standard deviation of MyHC, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. c Mean values and standard deviation of creatine kinase (CK), in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: *p ≤ 0.05 and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. d Mean values and standard deviation of carbonic anhydrase-3, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and ***p ≤ 0.001 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. a.u. arbitrary units, E–U elastase–urethane, MyHC myosin heavy chain, OD optical densities, U urethane

a Mean values and standard deviation of total protein ubiquitination in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: (i) n.s.: non-significant between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. b Mean values and standard deviation of E2_14K, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. c Mean values and standard deviation of MURF-1, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. d Mean values and standard deviation of calpain-1, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. a.u. arbitrary units, E–U elastase–urethane, E2 _14k ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (14k), MURF-1 muscle ring finger protein 1, OD optical densities, U urethane

(A) Mean values and standard deviation of actin protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol. (B) Mean values and standard deviation of creatine kinase protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol. (C) Mean values and standard deviation of carbonic anhydrase-3 protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol.

(A) Mean values and standard deviation of total reactive carbonyls in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: * p ≤ 0.05 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats. (B) Mean values and standard deviation of HNE-protein adducts in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: * p ≤ 0.05 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats. (C) Mean values and standard deviation of MDA-protein adducts in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: MDA, malondialdehyde; F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: *** p ≤ 0.001 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats; § p ≤ 0.05 between cancer-cachexia rats and cancer-cachexia rats treated with formoterol. (D) Mean values and standard deviation of total protein tyrosine nitration in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: * p ≤ 0.05 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats.

Content of respiratory complexes is higher in diaphragm mitochondria. Representative Western blots and densitometries of respiratory complexes from TS and diaphragm. The content of respiratory complexes (C) III, IV, and V was significantly higher in diaphragm mitochondria. OD, optical density. *P < 0.02 for all comparisons, n = 4 rats.

a Mean values and standard deviation of p62, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: (i) n.s.: non-significant and *p ≤ 0.05 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. b Mean values and standard deviation of Beclin-1, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: n.s.: non-significant and **p ≤ 0.01 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. c Mean values and standard deviation of LC3 II/LC3 I levels, in diaphragm (white bars) and gastrocnemius (black bars) muscles as measured by optical densities. Statistical significance is represented as follows: *p ≤ 0.05 between any of the intervention groups (U and E–U) and control mice. a.u. arbitrary units, E–U elastase–urethane, LC3 light chain 3, OD optical densities, p62 nucleoporin p62, U urethane

(A) Mean values and standard deviation of SOD1 protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: SOD, superoxide dismutase; F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: * p ≤ 0.05 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats. (B) Mean values and standard deviation of SOD2 protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: SOD, superoxide dismutase; F, formoterol. (C) Mean values and standard deviation of catalase protein content in diaphragm (black bars) and gastrocnemius (grey bars) muscles as measured by optical densities in arbitrary units (OD, a.u.). Definition of abbreviations: F, formoterol. Statistical significance is represented as follow: ** p ≤ 0.01 between non-cachexia controls and cancer-cachexia rats.

The surface profile of corrugated diaphragm along the diameter measured by the optical interferometer.

Relationship between the peak-valley sensitivity/resonant frequency and the configuration parameters of this sensor. (a) The effects of diaphragm radius on the sensor’s sensitivity and resonance frequency; (b) The effects of radius of the hard-core diaphragm on the sensor’s sensitivity and resonance frequency; (c) The effects of diaphragm thickness on the sensor’s sensitivity and resonance frequency; (d) The effects of the effective length of the optical fiber on the sensor’s sensitivity and resonance frequency.

Diaphragm bundles were exposed to SMase (0.5 U/ml) for 45 min. Optical density of phosphorylated p47^phox (serine 370) was divided by the total p47^phox signal. Data are shown as relative to mean of vehicle group. (+) control, commercial lysate from mouse macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide for 18 hrs. * P < 0.05 (n = 4 mice/group)

Optical spectra of Bragg wavelength reflected from the FBG sensor under various water levels with diaphragm thickness of 0.5 mm.

Optical spectra of Bragg wavelength reflected from the FBG sensor under various water levels with diaphragm thickness of 0.7 mm.

Optical spectra of Bragg wavelength reflected from the FBG sensor under various water levels with diaphragm thickness of 1.0 mm.

Protein ubiquitination and expression of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k/HR6B in diaphragm muscles from IL-15-treated (T) and untreated (UT) C57BL/10 and mdx mice. A: RT-PCR of ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k/HR6B. B: Relative levels [ie, when expressed as a percentage of the optical density (OD) for diaphragm muscles from untreated C57/BL10 mice]. C: An example gel of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins in diaphragm muscles from IL-15-treated and untreated C57BL/10 and mdx mice. Free ubiquitin was detected at a mass of 8.5 kd and several higher molecular weight ubiquitinated proteins were evident. Diaphragm muscles from both treated and untreated mdx mice contained higher levels of ubiquitinated proteins compared with diaphragm muscles from C57/BL10 mice (P < 0.05, n = 3 per group).

The reflection spectrum (a) and SEM images (b–e) of an FPI-based gas pressure sensor specimen employing an FDC. The inset of (a) presents an optical microscopy image. (b) SEM image of the nanometer-scale all-silica diaphragm fused at the end of the silica capillary. (c) SEM image of a fractured end of the FDC, while (d,e) present enlarged SEM images of the silica diaphragm, showing a sensing diaphragm thickness of about 170 nm.

(a) A schematic cross-sectional view of a generic Knowles MEMS microphone package. (b) A top–down optical image of the MEMS die collected using a microscope. The movable diaphragm is suspended with eight compliant springs along the perimeter. The center and eight peripheral posts on the backplate prevent the movable diaphragm from electrostatic collapse onto the backplate.

Schematic of the differential microphone diaphragm and the optical components. This consists of an optical grating (an array of slits), a mirror placed above the diaphragm, a light source (in this case a VCSEL), and photodetectors. The light that is reflected back to the photodetectors is modulated by the relative motion between the grating on the diaphragm and the mirror. The electrical output of the photodetectors is thus proportional to the diaphragm motion, providing the sensitivity of an interferometer.