PMC

Subject performance in noise-masked conditions. All values shown are mean ± SEM. A Raw performance (percent correct vs. TMR) when the auditory stimulus was presented alone. B Raw performance (percent correct vs. TMR) when the auditory stimulus was presented in conjunction with a visual cue. C 60% threshold values derived from psychometric fits for auditory stimuli only (A, open bars), and auditory stimulus plus visual cue (A + VC, filled bars) for the various spatial configurations. D Visual cue benefit, calculated by subtracting thresholds for the auditory stimulus alone from the thresholds for the auditory stimulus plus visual cue (i.e., A + VC-A). A star denotes that the mean is significantly greater than 0 (p < 0.05), as determined by a right-tailed t-test

Subject performance in chorus-masked conditions. All values shown are mean ± SEM. A Raw performance (percent correct vs. TMR) when the auditory stimulus was presented alone. B Raw performance (percent correct vs. TMR) when the auditory stimulus was presented in conjunction with a visual cue. C 60% threshold values derived from psychometric fits for auditory stimuli only (A, open bars), and auditory stimulus plus visual cue (A + VC, filled bars) for the various spatial configurations. D Visual cue benefit, calculated by subtracting thresholds for the auditory stimulus alone from the thresholds for the auditory stimulus plus visual cue (i.e., A + VC-A). A star denotes that the mean is significantly greater than 0 (p < 0.05), as determined by a right-tailed t-test

Heat maps (t-maps) of the ΔHbR contrast against baseline per group (HA, ADHD, TD) and condition (auditory, visual). The respective t-values can be found in . Abbreviations: P, Probe set; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; pre/SMA, pre-motor and supplementary motor area; STG, superior temporal gyrus; MTG, medial temporal gyrus; IPFG, inferior prefrontal gyrus; primary somatos., primary somatosensory cortex; primary auditory assoc., primary auditory association cortex; supram. gyrus, supramarginal gyrus; HA, hearing aid; ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; TD, typically developing.

Percent-correct during the auditory n-back task as a function of n-back condition and hearing aid use. Error bars show standard errors of the mean. The lack of an interaction between modality and hearing aid use (visual data not shown) on percent-correct suggested that hearing aids did not increase percent-correct during the auditory n-back task.