PMC

A parent and child completing an unmoderated remote study on parent-child conversations about gender. Parents and children look through pictures on the screen showing gender-typical and -atypical behaviors, and they are asked to discuss them. We then code their conversations from webcam video using Datavyu (see https://osf.io/htn7z/ for more information about the study).

Task success rates for the three groups: unmoderated (n = 17), semi-moderated (n = 12), and moderated (n = 10).

Connectivity of online hate multiverse. We counted all links between hate clusters on different social media platforms between June 1, 2019 and March 23, 2020. Each edge shows percentage of such links from hate clusters on the outbound platform to hate clusters on the inbound platform. Some platform pairs feature zero such links, hence no arrow. Although content moderation prevents users on some platforms (e.g., Facebook) from linking to some unmoderated platforms (e.g., 4Chan), users can access such content—and direct other users to it—by linking to a hate cluster on a third platform (e.g., Telegram) that then links to the unmoderated platform.

Comparison of a moderated (N=37) and unmoderated (N=47) version of the AV task in 6-to 7-year-olds. The expected error pattern minimal pair > vowel > random errors is shown in both tasks, but more distinct for the moderated task. Random errors, and there for lack of attention is significantly higher in the unmoderated task. Thick horizontal lines represent medians, boxes represent interquartile ranges, and whiskers represent range, excluding outliers. Outliers are defined as values falling more than 1.5 x below or above the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, and are shown as circles. Significance: ^*p<0.05, ^** p<0.01, ^*** p<0.001.