PMC

The years presented represent the year the state repealed its certificate of need regulation. Prior to 1983, all states, except Louisiana, had enacted certificate of need legislation as part of the 1974 National Planning and Resources Development Act. Louisiana subsequently adopted certificate of need legislation in 1991.

Training satisfaction based on school-leaving certificate and share of trainees with low qualification in the occupation. Based on regression model M2a. The share of low-qualified beginning trainees in trainees’ occupations is z-standardized.

Scientists’ attitudes towards immunity certificates. N = 12,738 participants. (A) Distribution of responses to the statements “Is giving immune people immunity certificates for the duration of their immunity…” regarding (1) good for public health; (2) good for the economy; (3) fair to others who do not have immunity; and (4) increasing inequality. Share of respondents who did not answer ranges from 15.3 to 15.9%. (B) Willingness to self-infect for immunity certificate that lifts social-isolation and travel restrictions, if medically assessed as low-risk or high-risk groups. (C) Willingness to pay for immunity certificate that lifts social-isolation and travel restrictions. Share of respondents who did not answer ranges from 18.2 to 18.9%.

For France (a), Germany (b), and Italy (c), cumulative share of the population who received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose in the actual intervention deployment (blue) and in the no-intervention counterfactual scenario (red). The red shaded area is the 95% confidence interval centred around the main estimate. The black dashed vertical line is the date of the announcement of the COVID certificate.