PMC

Results of simulated minimum length limits and harvest slots on the balance between harvest and natural size selection. (A) The linear mean standardized selection gradient β_µ for harvest selection in black, natural selection in green (unaffected by simulations), and the total selection in blue (dashed). The total selection is the sum of the harvest and natural selection. (B) The ratio of strength or δ in log form between harvest and natural selection. If the ratio is above zero, harvest selection is stronger than natural selection, and if it is below zero, natural selection is stronger than harvest selection. (C) The linear mean standardized selection gradient β_µ for harvest selection given different combinations of minimum and maximum length limits. (D) The ratio of strength or δ in log form between harvest and natural selection given different combinations of minimum and maximum length limits. If the ratio is above zero, harvest selection is stronger than natural selection, and if it is below zero, natural selection is stronger than harvest selection.

Selection in framework regions (FRs) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of B-cell receptors from anti-HIV B-cell lineages. Selection strength is measured as the log-odds ratio between the observed ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution frequencies, , and the ratio expected under the S5F mutability model in the absence of selection, (, ). Selection strength values >0 indicate positive selection, and values <0 indicate purifying selection.

Flow diagram of study selection process. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; hazard ratio, hazard ratio; a hazard ratio, adjusted hazard ratio

Response to selection and cumulative selection differential of the High and Low sex pheromone phenotypes. (a) Bar chart representation of the High-, Low- and base selection lines over 12 generations of selection. (b) Per cent of females in the High line with a pheromone ratio (16:Ald / Z11–16:Ald) greater than 1, the selection lines of 2012 in comparison to (c) the selection lines of 2007 []. (d) Cumulative selection differential of the High line in 2012. (e) Cumulative selection differential of the Low line in 2012.