PMC

Climate variability is illustrated as differences in (A, B) satellite derived sea ice concentration and (C, D) in situ surface temperature between the two extreme years 1998 (A, C) and 2006 (B, D).

Simulated Arctic sea ice concentration and surface heat flux. Arctic sea ice concentration (%) in Jul–Nov from simulations of a mid-Holocene climate, b pre-industrial climate, and c mid-Holocene climate with pre-industrial sea ice concentration (imposed via increased ice albedo). Jul–Nov averaged sea ice concentration differences d between the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial simulations, i.e. a–b, and e between the mid-Holocene simulation with pre-industrial sea ice and the pre-industrial simulation, i.e. c–b. The seasonal cycle of f net surface shortwave flux (F_SW^↑−F_SW^↓) and g net surface heat flux (F_SW^↑−F_SW^↓+F_LW^↑−F_LW^↓+SHF^↑+LHF^↑) averaged in the Arctic Ocean. In f and g, the red, blue, and black lines denote the mid-Holocene, the mid-Holocene with pre-industrial sea ice, and pre-industrial simulations, respectively

Relationship between the public’s perceived awareness and priorities regarding research on climate change impacts at the coastline or sea. The bold line is the regression, the dotted line the 1:1 line, and the short phrases represent the research priorities: 1, O. physical changes, studies of physical changes in the ocean (e.g., ocean currents, storms and waves); 2, Long-term records, studies of long-term records of past climate change; 3, M. sea ice, studies of melting sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic; 4, Fishery, studies looking at climate impacts on commercial fish and shellfish; 5, Wildlife, studies looking at climate impacts on wildlife at the coastline or in the sea; 6, I species, studies looking at the impacts of nonnative species at the coastline or in the sea; 7, C. modeling, computer models that predict future changes at the coastline or in the sea; 8, C. erosion, studies of coastal erosion; 9, O. acidification, studies of what will happen if the ocean becomes more acidic; 10, Diseases, studies of diseases and pests that may become more common with climate change; 11, Costs to society, studies to estimate the costs to society of climate change impacts at the coastline or in the sea; 12, Adaptation, studies on how communities can cope with the impacts of climate change; 13, Management, studies on marine and coastal management practices.

Consumption loss for (A) the 2.0°C target and all corresponding sea level targets and (B) the 1.5°C target and all corresponding sea level targets. (C) CBGE loss for all climate targets. CBGE gives the change in initial consumption that is necessary to reach the difference in welfare assuming equal consumption growth in both the defined climate target and the BAU scenario (, ).