PMC

(a)A surface of roughness r = 2.25cm viewed frontoparallel was perceived to be equally rough as a surface of roughness r = 3.06 cm viewed from φ_v = 50°. (b)A surface of roughness r = 3.06 cm viewed frontoparallel was perceived to be equally rough as a surface of roughness r = 2.25 cm viewed from the direction reflected about the surface normal (φ_v = 130°). The roughness values for these surfaces were based on the performance of a typical observer (LF) in this study.

Correlation analysis between experimentally determined cut edge roughness values and computed shear stress values from the gas flow simulation: (a) surface roughness top vs. shear stress maximum, (b) surface roughness middle vs. shear stress maximum, (c) surface roughness bottom vs. shear stress maximum; (d) surface roughness top vs. backward directed shear stress component; (e) surface roughness middle vs. backward directed shear stress component; (f) surface roughness bottom vs. backward directed shear stress component; (g) surface roughness top vs. shear stress ratio; (h) surface roughness middle vs. shear stress ratio; (i) surface roughness bottom vs. shear stress ratio.

(a) Atomic Force Microscopy, non-tapping mode, sample of Zinc deposited on quartz, prepared in 0.2 T magnetic field in the flow of CO₂ resulting in average value of thin film 385.479 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 110.594 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 90.453 nm. (b) Zinc deposited on quartz, 0.2 T in the N₂ flow resulting in average value of thin film 260.411 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 107.752 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 87.033 nm. (c) Zinc deposited on quartz, 0.4 T in the flow of CO₂ resulting in average value of thin film 136.673 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 40.4048 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 24.5386 nm. (d) Zinc deposited on ITO, 0.4 T in the flow of CO₂ resulting in average value of thin film 232.204 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 97.1808 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 82.6234 nm. (e) Zinc deposited on ITO, 0.4 T in the flow of N₂, average value of thin film 22.1103 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 9.34226 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 7.48186 nm. (f) Zinc deposited on ITO, 0.2 T in the flow of CO₂ resulting in average value of thin film 274.252 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 73.6122 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 56.5023 nm. (g) Zinc deposited on quartz, 0.4 T in the flow of N₂ resulting in average value of thin film 320.978 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 84.3617 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 68.2234 nm. (h) Zinc deposited on ITO, 0.2 T in the flow of N₂ resulting in average value of thin film 175.142 nm; RMS roughness (Sq and grain-wise): 43.8872 nm with mean roughness (Sa): 35.7607 nm.

(A) Parietal lobe areas activated by roughness discrimination compared with a motor control (subjects their own controls). Horizontal section of the standard brain format 45 mm above the intercommissural plane (z = 45) showing the significant fields of activation in the postcentral gyrus in 10 subjects discriminating roughness with their right index fingers and thumbs (center of gravity, Talairach = HBA coordinates 32, −23, 51). The lateral parietal operculi also are activated (Table ). The right side of the images presents the left side of the brain. (B) Coronal section 15 mm (y = −15) behind the vertical commissure anterior (VCA) plane (the plane that is a vertical tangent plane to the anterior commissure) showing significantly more parietal opercular fields activated bilaterally in roughness discrimination than in length discrimination (roughness − length, subjects their own controls). (C) Coronal section (y = −14) showing bilateral significantly more activated parietal opercular fields in roughness discrimination than in shape discrimination. No other parts of the parietal lobules were activated (roughness − shape, intergroup comparison). (D) Coronal section (y = −16) showing the left lateral parietal operculum more activated in roughness discrimination versus length and shape discrimination (image produced by multiplication of the cluster images of rough − length × rough − shape discrimination to give rough − length ∩ rough − shape). (E) Horizontal section of the standard brain format at z = 45, showing the significant increases in rCBF compared with control (cluster image) in nine subjects discriminating the shapes of ellipsoids in the postcentral gyrus, the cortex lining the postcentral sulcus, and the IPA. (F) Overlap between the cortical fields significantly activated by length discrimination and significantly activated by shape discrimination compared with the respective control measurements (i.e., cluster images shape − control ∩ length − control). Note consistent activation of the postcentral gyrus, the cortex lining the postcentral sulcus, and the IPA. Same section as A. (G) The IPA is significantly more activated by shape discrimination than by roughness discrimination (cluster image of shape − roughness, intergroup comparison). Same section as A. (H) Cluster images intersection superimposed on standard brain format of length − roughness × shape − roughness (to give shape − roughness ∩ length − roughness). Same section as A showing that shape discrimination activates IPA significantly and consistently more than does roughness discrimination.