PMC

V₁-D is evolved from a FliJ like protein by adding loop region. V₁-D forms a separate rotor shaft together with the globular V₁-F. F₁-γ evolved through gene fusion of two genes encoding the ancestral V₁-D and globular proteins. Assuming that V_oV₁ have conserved the ancestral form in the rotor apparatus, C subunit (V_o-d) has been replaced with F₁-ε during evolution of F_oF₁. Function of each rotor subunit was summarized in .

Illustration of the rotor test bench: (1) motor, (2) flexible coupling, (3) shaft, (4) eddy current displacement sensor, (5) rotary disc, (6) bearing.

Experimental demonstration of selective magnetite coating of microrotors. (a–c) Optical images of fully coated acrylic rotor and shaft, uncoated methacrylic rotor and shaft, and selectively coated acrylic rotor with uncoated methacrylic shaft. Scale bar is 25 µm; (d) 3D CAD model of the microrotor.

Underside view of the STS rotor (1) with features indicated such as the hold for compression screw union (18) that joins the rotor tubing coming out of the hole at (17) to the flow-tubing that goes through the rotor shaft. Guide loops (15) for the tubing are mounted on supports (16).