PMC

(a) Several short trajectories and long trajectories (first return and second return) in near-threshold HHG. (b)Time-dependent laser fields E(t; green solid line) and the illustration for the corresponding electron dynamics (red lines), which indicates that the tunnelling regime is dominant for the first return, while multiphoton regime is dominant for the second return. (c) Several short trajectories and long trajectories in below-threshold HHG (nonresonant). (d) The illustration of the electron dynamics (red lines) in the laser field, indicating that the electron behaviour is in the multiphoton regime. (e) Same as c, for below-threshold HHG (resonant). (f) The laser field and the illustration sketch of the corresponding scheme of electron dynamics.

Suggested repair photocycle of (6-4) photoproduct by (6-4) photolyases. FET: forward electron transfer, BET: back electron transfer, PT: proton transfer, PR: proton return, ER: electron return.

Emitted XUV frequency as a function of return time for two laser intensities, corresponding to the solid and dashed blue/red curves. The blue curves describes the short trajectories, while the red lines refer to the long trajectory. are the return times for the short and long electron trajectories leading to the threshold frequency . is the return time for the trajectory leading to the cutoff frequency . and ( = s, ) are return times obtained by approximating as piecewise straight lines. Values for these return times are indicated in .

Molecular designs for the development of bioluminescence probes. The design strategy of (a) caged luciferin and (b) bioluminescent-enzyme induced electron transfer (BioLeT). The rate of electron transfer is strongly dependent on the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the electron donor. If the HOMO energy level of the electron donor is enough high, after luciferin derivatives react with luciferase, the electron transfer easily occurs from the electron donor to the excited luminophore. In this case, the excited electron cannot return to the HOMO of the luminophore, resulting in loss of bioluminescence. When the HOMO energy level of the electron donor becomes lower after reaction with target molecules, the electron transfer does not occur anymore, and bioluminescence should be restored.