PMC

The co-localized locus and haplotypes on chromosome A09 associated with seed phytate concentration and content of B. napus. (a) Manhattan plot of co-localized locus for phytate concentration and content in 2013 and BLUP. (b) Significant SNPs associated with phytate concentration and content (4.87–6.35 Mb) on chromosome A09. The big red dots represented the significant SNPs. (c) Candidate gene association analysis of BnaA09g10220D (phytate concentration). (d) Phytate concentration of two haplotypes of BnaA09g10220D. (e) Candidate gene association analysis of BnaA09g10220D (phytate content). (f) Phytate content of two haplotypes of BnaA09g10220D. (g) Candidate gene association analysis of BnaA09g10230D (phytate concentration). (h) Phytate concentration of two haplotypes of BnaA09g10320D. (i) Candidate gene association analysis of BnaA09g10230D (phytate content). (j) Phytate content of two haplotypes of BnaA09g10230D. Both the mean and BLUP values in the association panel were used to conduct association analysis of phytate concentration and content. The mean values of seed phytate concentration and content each cultivar/inbred line of the association panel in 2013 were used for the haplotype analysis.

A Effect of phytate on the formation of calcium deposits on catheter sections. Means and SEMs are indicated. *An ANOVA and a Bonferroni post-hoc test indicated the control group (0 µM phytate) had a greater level of calcium (p value < 0.05) than the phytate groups, but there was no significant difference in the phytate groups. B Effect of phytate on the attachment of bacteria (P. aeruginosa PAO1) to catheter sections. Means and SEMs are indicated. *An ANOVA and a Bonferroni post-hoc test indicated the control group (0 µM phytate) had more attached bacteria (p value < 0.05) than the phytate groups, but there was no significant difference in the phytate groups

The predicted effect of graded concentrations of phytate P (x) and log doses of phytase (v) on phytate (IP6) and phytate ester (IP5, IP4, and IP3) concentration and in the gizzard of 21-day-old broilers. A. Gizzard IP6 concentration was predicted with the equation: y = 8,829 − 24,618x + 38,375x² − 5,888v + 1,030v² + 18,225xv − 28,144x²v − 3,389xv² + 5,162x²v², adjusted R²=0.99, RMSE=30.9, P < 0.0001. In the absence of phytase, the predicted concentration of IP6 in the gizzard was 4,524, 4,164, or 5,618 nmol/g in birds fed 0.24, 0.345, or 0.45% phytate P, respectively. The predicted minimum IP6 concentration in the gizzard was achieved with 1,132, 1,285, or 1,208 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase at 0.24, 0.345 or 0.45% dietary phytate P, respectively. B. Gizzard IP5 concentration was predicted with the equation: y = 566 − 281v + 46.6v², adjusted R²=1.00, RMSE=1.77, P < 0.0001. The predicted minimum concentration of IP5 in the gizzard was achieved with 1,028 FTU/kg, regardless of the phytate P concentration of the diet. C. Gizzard IP4 concentration was predicted with the equation: y = 521 − 251v + 41.7v², adjusted R²=1.00, RMSE=1.60, P < 0.0001. The predicted minimum IP4 concentration in the gizzard was achieved with 1,028 FTU/kg, regardless of the phytate P concentration in the diet. D. Gizzard IP3 concentration predicted with the equation: y = − 914 + 15421v − 24,186v² + 1186x − 284v² − 13409xv + 20,950x²v + 2746xv² − 4240x²v², adjusted R²=0.95, RMSE=24.7, P < 0.0001. In the absence of phytase, the predicted concentration of IP3 in the gizzard was 491, 519, or 486 nmol/g in birds fed 0.24, 0.345, or 0.45% phytate P, respectively. The predicted minimum IP3 concentration in the gizzard was achieved with 1,462, 966 or 1,828 FTU/kg at 0.24, 0.345 or 0.45% dietary phytate P, respectively. e. The concentration of the sum of all IPs in the gizzard was predicted with the equation: y = 9,371 + 414x + 1,658x² − 5,709v + 955v² − 436xv, adjusted R²=1.00, RMSE=47.1, P < 0.0001. In the absence of phytase, the predicted sum of IPs in the gizzard was 6,924, 7,771 or 9,238 nmol/g in birds fed 0.24, 0.345 or 0.45% phytate P, respectively. The predicted minimum concentration of the sum of IPs in the gizzard was achieved with 1,096, 1,170 or 1,245 FTU/kg at 0.24, 0.345 or 0.45% dietary phytate P, respectively.

The expression of the recombinant amylase and xylanase driven by the phyL promoter (n = 3 independent cultivations) of the B. licheniformis strains TH3 (a) and TH4 (b) without and with the addition of sodium phytate. Sodium phytate was added at an OD_{500 nm} of 1.0 (after 8 h cultivation). Lines indicate cell growth, while bars indicate enzyme activity. Growth: Open symbols TH3, filled symbols TH4; triangles without the addition of sodium phytate, circles with 0.5 mM sodium phytate, squares with 5 mM sodium phytate. Enzyme activity: white bars without the addition of sodium phytate, grey bars with 0.5 mM sodium phytate, black bars with 5 mM sodium phytate. SDS-PAGE separation of extracellular proteins in 20 μL of culture supernatant of strain TH4 without addition of sodium phytate (c) and with 0.5 mM sodium phytate (d). Sodium phytate was added at an OD _{500 nm} of 1.0 (after 8 h cultivation). Protein bands are indicated by arrows