PMC

(A) Photograph of 20-μl drops of water (stained with methylene blue), coffee, wine, and hexadecane on a superomniphobic fabric. (B) SEM images of a coated superomniphobic polyester fabric at different magnifications. (C) Superomniphobic fabric fixed on the side mirror of the car. The fabric remained white even after 257 days of outdoor exposure. (D and E) Receding contact angles and roll-off angles of 5-μl water drops in the course of the outdoor exposure of 257 days within a period of 426 days. Periods of outdoor exposure are marked in gray. (F and G) Receding contact angles and roll-off angles of 5-μl hexadecane drops in the course of the outdoor exposure. Periods of outdoor exposure are marked in gray. (H) SEM image of a superomniphobic fabric after 257 days of outdoor exposure. (I) Higher-magnification SEM image of a dirt particle on a superomniphobic fabric. (J) High-magnification SEM image of the nanofilaments on a superomniphobic fabric after 257 days of outdoor exposure.

Indoor PCLS showed greater airway constriction compared to outdoor PCLS. A. Representative images of the constriction and relaxation of indoor and outdoor PCLS. Indoor and outdoor PCLS were both stimulated with increasing doses of methacholine for 5 minutes per dose and subsequently stimulated with a relaxing agonist, chloroquine, for 10 minutes. Representative images of indoor and outdoor pig PCLS exposed to media (baseline), 10^-4 MCh and 1 mM ChQ from three lung slices per indoor and outdoor animal. n=3 per housing type. Scale bar, 100 µm. B-D. Percent control measurements of respective airway lumen areas of indoor and outdoor pig PCLS in response to MCh and ChQ treatment. PCLS airway lumen area for each dose of MCh and ChQ treatment were divided by baseline (media) and multiplied by 100 to get the normalized percent control lumen area. B. Percent control normalized lumen of indoor pig PCLS. *P<0.05, baseline vs. all MCh doses and ChQ. C. Percent control normalized lumen of indoor pig PCLS. *P<0.05, baseline vs. 10^-4 M MCh. D. Comparison of airway lumen area of PCLS from indoor and outdoor pigs indicated a housing effect at 10^-5 M MCh. *P<0.05, indoor vs outdoor at 10^-5 M MCh. MCh, methacholine; ChQ, chloroquine. Data reported as mean ± SEM of 3 outdoor pigs and 3 indoor pigs.

Mice living in an outdoor enclosure had increased numbers of juvenile neurons in the hippocampus. (a) Confocal images of brain sections from uninfected and infected mice living in either cage control or the outdoor enclosure conditions immunolabeled with the immature neuron marker DCX (red) and counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) in the dorsal DG. (b) Mice living in the outdoor enclosure had increased numbers of DCX+ cells in the dorsal DG. *p = .0011. (c) Confocal images of brain sections from uninfected and infected mice living in either cage control or the outdoor enclosure conditions immunolabeled with the DCX and counterstained with Hoechst 33342 in the ventral DG. (d) Mice living in the outdoor enclosure had increased numbers of DCX+ cells in the ventral DG. *p = .0003. Scale bar equals 40 μm. For all panels, n = 5 for uninfected cage control and n = 8 for all other groups (infected cage control, uninfected outdoor enclosure, infected outdoor enclosure). Bars represent mean + SEM [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

(a) the seasonal variation of indoor temperature (box plots) and outdoor temperature (line plot). The plot highlights the minimal seasonal indoor temperature variability compared to outdoor temperature variability. (b) the relationship between indoor and outdoor temperature without a temporal component. The dotted line indicates the points at which indoor and outdoor temperature are equal. When outdoor temperature is less than 15 °C (squares), the mean indoor temperature increases by only 0.06 °C for every 1 °C increase outdoors. During the warm season when the outdoor temperature is greater than 15 °C (circles), the mean indoor temperatures increase 0.43 °C for every 1 °C increase outdoors.