PMC

Phylogenetic tree of O. tsutsugamushi strains constructed based on base-sequence homologies of 56 kDa type-specific genes. The numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values. Bar shows genetic distance of 0.02. The isolates of from the study are submitted to GenBank under accession numbers as follows: accession numbers of published sequences: OTNARI-1_BLC (OK019092), OT NARI-3 BLC (OK019093), OT NARI-26 BLC (OK019094), OT NARI-1 LBLC (OK019095), OT NARI-2 BLC (OK019096), OT NARI-2 LCSF (OK019097), OT NARI-6 LCSF (OK019098), OT NARI-6 LBLC (OK019099), OT NARI-7 LCSF (OK019100), and OT NARI-33 WB (OK019101).

Correlational signatures of interaction support blood pressure evoked expiratory neuron modulation of inspiratory chain recurrent loops. A: correlation feature map for Animal 2 gives a graphical summary of responses to blood pressure elevations and detected short-time scale changes in firing probability (peaks and troughs) that support recurrent loop operations within the inspiratory neuron chain and between the chain and a “belt” of expiratory neurons. See text for details. Numbers in small shaded circles correspond to represented cross-correlograms. B–F: cross-correlograms for pairs of neurons in Animal 2 represented in . The detectability index value of each feature is as follows (O, offset; C, central; P, peak; T, trough): 1: OT, 6.6; 2: OT, 31.4; 3: OT, 7.7; 4: OT, 6.6; 5: OT, 5.4; 6: OT, 6.5; 7: OT, 6.9; 8: OT, 6.5; 9: OT, 4.7; 10: CP, 14.3; 11: CP, 5.3; 12: CP, 5.9; 13: CP, 7.0; 14: CP, 20.0; 15: OP, 53.9; OT, 7.3; 16: CP, 11.9; 17: CP, 4.8; 18: OP, 15.4; 19: OP, 7.5; 20: CT, 6.3; 21: OP, 4.4; 22: CP, 10.9; OT, 4.3; 23: OP, 5.7; 24: OP, 6.4; OT, 6.4; 25: OP, 6.6; OT, 7.8; 26: OP, 5.4; OT, 6.2; 27: CP, 7.3; 28: OP, 5.4; OT, 4.3; 29: OP, 27.9; OT, 5.8 (see ); 30: CP, 6.8; 31: OP, 6.0; 32: CP, 5.2; 33: OP, 5.5; 34: OP, 7.0; 35: OP, 8.5; 36: OP, 19.0; OT, 17; 37: CP, 13.4; 38: CP, 24.1; 39: CP, 22.6; 40: CP, 16.7; OT, 8.0; 41: CT, 4.9; 42: CT, 4.1; 43: CT, 6.8; and 44: CT, 7.2. Number of spikes for each neuron represented in used to calculate cross-correlograms: 801: 92,503; 802: 260,467; 808: 254,595; 809: 66,373; 812: 105,528; 813: 168,259; 814: 53,900; 815: 319,904; 818: 85,646; 820: 245,476; 822: 48,453; 826: 80,901; 831: 69,215; 842: 71,5673; 844: 5,539; 847: 38,755; 851: 103,820; and 869: 35,481. G: averages of rectified left (contralateral) phrenic nerve signals are labeled in the feature map with encircled letters: a and b: triggered by rostral pre-I neurons 801 and 831; c and d: triggered by I-Aug neurons 802 and 808; e and f: triggered by expiratory neurons 815 and 820.

Changes in oxytocin-induced uterine peristalsis and Ca²⁺ oscillations in neonatal adenomyotic mice. (A) Time courses of uterine peristalsis in response to accumulative oxytocin (OT) stimulation in postnatal day (PND) 14 mice after treatment with the vehicle for tamoxifen (Ctrl) [A(i)] and the same age mice after treatment with tamoxifen (Adeno) [A(ii)]. The concentrations of OT are labeled above the traces. (B) Uterine peristalsis frequency changes caused by OT in uterine slices from Ctrl (O; blue line) and Adeno (Δ; red line) mice at PND14. (C) Changes in the AUC of uterine peristalsis by OT in uterine slices from Ctrl (O; blue line) and Adeno (Δ; red line) mice at PND14. (D) Time courses of Ca²⁺ oscillations in response to accumulative OT stimulation in Ctrl [D(i)] and Adeno mice [D(ii)] at PND14. The concentrations of OT are labeled above the traces. (E) Ca²⁺ oscillation frequency changes caused by OT in uterine slices from Ctrl (O; blue line) and Adeno (Δ; red line) mice at PND14. (F) OT-induced changes in the AUC of Ca²⁺ oscillations in uterine slices from Ctrl (O; blue line) and Adeno (Δ; red line) mice at PND14. N = 5 Ctrl mice (10 slices) and 5 Adeno mice (10 slices) from for panels (B,C,E,F). ****P < 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA.

a-f, Optogenetic inhibition of Fezf2^BLa→NAc and Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons. a, A schematic of the approach to selectively inhibit Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons with optogenetics. b, Left: a confocal image showing Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons expressing stGtACR2. Locations of optical fibers for optogenetics are indicated. Right: a confocal image showing injection location of AAVrg-fDIO-Cre in the NAc, as indicated by fluorescent beads (arrow). c, A schematic of the approach to selectively inhibit Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons with optogenetics. d, Left: a confocal image showing Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons expressing stGtACR2. Locations of optical fibers for optogenetics are indicated. Right: a confocal image showing injection location of AAVrg-fDIO-Cre in the OT, as indicated by fluorescent beads (arrow). e, f, Schematics of the AAA task (e; blue bar on time axis indicates laser delivery) and experimental procedure (f). g-p, Optogenetic activation of Fezf2^BLa→NAc and Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons increases pupil size. g, A schematic of the approach to selectively activate Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons with optogenetics. h, Left: a confocal image showing Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons expressing ChR2. Locations of optical fibers for optogenetics are indicated. Right: a confocal image showing injection location of AAVrg-fDIO-Cre in the NAc, as indicated by fluorescent beads (arrow). i, A schematic of the approach to selectively activate Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons with optogenetics. j, Left: a confocal image showing Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons expressing ChR2. Locations of optical fibers for optogenetics are indicated. Right: confocal image showing injection location of AAVrg-fDIO-Cre in the OT, as indicated by fluorescent beads (arrow). k, Images of the pupil in a representative mouse, before (left) and after (right) photoactivation of Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons. l, Trial-by-trial pupil size changes in response to photoactivation (blue bar, 2 s) of Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons in an example mouse. m, Quantification of pupil size change in response to laser stimulation in the BLa in all the mice in which ChR2 (n = 9) or GFP (n = 7) was expressed in Fezf2^BLa→NAc neurons (Kruskal-Wallis test (K-stat 18.88) with Dunn’s post-hoc test: P = 0.0003; ChR2: **P = 0.002; GFP: P = 0.99). n, o, same as (k, l), respectively, except that Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons were photoactivated. p, Quantification of pupil size change in response to laser stimulation in the BLa in all the mice in which ChR2 (n = 10) or GFP (n = 7) was expressed in Fezf2^BLa→OT neurons (Kruskal-Wallis test (K-stat 21.9) with Dunn’s post-hoc test: P < 0.0001; ChR2: ****P < 0.0001; GFP: P = 0.99).