PMC

Panels a to d show MIC wild-type distributions for injectable drugs against M. tuberculosis. (a) Amikacin MIC wild-type distribution. Consecutive susceptible clinical isolates were used to define the wild-type MIC distribution (n = 88, indicated by bars filled with vertical lines). MIC levels for amikacin- and kanamycin-resistant strains (n = 7) and isolates resistant against any drug are shown. The epidemiological wild-type cutoff (ECOFF) is indicated by an arrow (1 mg/liter). (b) Kanamycin MIC wild-type distribution. Consecutive susceptible clinical isolates were used to define the wild-type MIC distribution (n = 88). MIC levels of kanamycin- and amikacin-resistant strains (n = 7) and isolates resistant against any drug are shown. The currently recommended critical concentration (5 mg/liter) and the epidemiological wild-type cutoff (ECOFF, 4 mg/liter) are indicated by arrows. (c) Streptomycin MIC wild-type distribution. Consecutive susceptible clinical isolates were used to define the wild-type MIC distribution (n = 86). MIC levels of streptomycin-resistant strains (n = 15) and isolates resistant against any drug are shown. The currently recommended critical concentration and the epidemiological wild-type cutoff (ECOFF) are indicated by an arrow (both are 2 mg/liter). (d) Capreomycin MIC wild-type distribution. Consecutive susceptible clinical isolates were used to define the wild-type MIC distribution (n = 88, indicated by bars filled with vertical lines). MIC levels of capreomycin-resistant strains (n = 7) and isolates resistant against any drug are shown. The currently recommended critical concentration (10 mg/liter) and the epidemiological wild-type cut off (ECOFF, 4 mg/liter) are indicated by arrows. Five isolates with an MIC of 8 mg/liter were susceptible to capreomycin according to the critical concentration (10 mg/liter) but had a higher MIC than ECOFF (4 mg/liter) and showed cross-resistance to kanamycin and amikacin. (e) Viomycin MIC wild-type distribution. Consecutive susceptible clinical isolates were used to define the wild-type MIC distribution (n = 88, indicated by bars filled with vertical lines). The MIC level of the viomycin-resistant strain (n = 1) is shown, and isolates resistant against any drug are shown. The epidemiological wild-type cutoff (ECOFF) is indicated by an arrow (2 mg/liter).

Re-insertion of dsbA at the attTn7 site of the chromosome restores the β-lactam MIC values for E. coli MC1000 dsbA harboring (A) pDM1-bla_GES-1 (ceftazidime MIC), (B) pDM1-bla_OXA-4 (cefuroxime MIC), (C) pDM1-bla_OXA-10 (aztreonam MIC), (D) pDM1-bla_OXA-198 (imipenem MIC), (E) pDM1-bla_L1-1 (ceftazidime MIC), (F) pDM1-bla_FRI-1 (aztreonam MIC) and (G) pDM1-bla_KPC-3 (ceftazidime MIC). Graphs show MIC values (µg/mL) from two biological experiments, each conducted as a single technical repeat.

NIR from M. tuberculosis H37Ra treated with RIF, INH, EMB, and PZA. RIF, left panel, susceptible strain treated with RIF (0.4 μg/ml [2× MIC] and 2 μg/ml [10× MIC]); RIF, right panel, RIF-resistant strain treated with RIF (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), PZA (500 μg/ml; 10× MIC), INH (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), and EMB (50 μg/ml; 10× MIC). INH, left panel, susceptible strain treated with INH (0.4 μg/ml [2× MIC] and 2 μg/ml [10× MIC]); INH, right panel, INH-resistant strain treated with INH (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), PZA (500 μg/ml; 10 × MIC), RIF (2 μg/ml; 10 × MIC), and EMB (50 μg/ml; 10× MIC). EMB, left panel, susceptible strain treated with EMB (10 μg/ml [2× MIC] and 50 μg/ml [10× MIC]); EMB, right panel, EMB-resistant strain treated with EMB (50 μg/ml; 10× MIC), INH (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), RIF (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), and PZA (500 μg/ml; 10× MIC). PZA, left panel, susceptible strain treated with PZA (100 μg/ml [2× MIC] and 500 μg/ml [10× MIC]); PZA, right panel, PZA-resistant strain treated with PZA (500 μg/ml; 10× MIC), RIF (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), INH (2 μg/ml; 10× MIC), and EMB (50 μg/ml; 10× MIC).

a. Killing curves for bergamot juice (BJ) with reference antibiotics (amoxicillin, AMX, metronidazole, MTZ, clarithromycin, CLA) against H. pylori ATCC 43504. ♦, BJ (1 x MIC); ■, AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, MTZ (1 x MIC); ●, CLA (1 x MIC); □, BJ (1 x MIC) with AMX (1 x MIC);▲, BJ (1 x MIC) with MTZ (1 x MIC);○, BJ (1 x MIC) with CLA (1 x MIC);×, control. b. Killing curves for bergamot juice (BJ) with reference antibiotics (amoxicillin, AMX, metronidazole, MTZ, clarithromycin, CLA) against H. pylori ATCC 49503. ♦, BJ (1 x MIC); ■, AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, MTZ (1 x MIC); ●, CLA (1 x MIC); □, BJ (1 x MIC) with AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, BJ (1 x MIC) with MTZ (1 x MIC); ○, BJ (1 x MIC) with CLA (1 x MIC); ×, control. c. Killing curves for bergamot juice (BJ) with reference antibiotics (amoxicillin, AMX, metronidazole, MTZ, clarithromycin, CLA) against H. pylori HP6 (cagA-positive). ♦, BJ (1 x MIC); ■, AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, MTZ (1 x MIC); ●, CLA (1 x MIC); □, BJ (1 x MIC) with AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, BJ (1 x MIC) with MTZ (1 x MIC); ○, BJ (1 x MIC) with CLA (1 x MIC); ×, control. d. Killing curves for bergamot juice (BJ) with reference antibiotics (amoxicillin, AMX, metronidazole, MTZ, clarithromycin, CLA) against H. pylori HP61 (cagA-negative). ♦, BJ (1 x MIC); ■, AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, MTZ (1 x MIC); ●, CLA (1 x MIC); □, BJ (1 x MIC) with AMX (1 x MIC); ▲, BJ (1 x MIC) with MTZ (1 x MIC); ○, BJ (1 x MIC) with CLA (1 x MIC); ×, control