Measurement of left atrial conduction routes and low voltage zone distributions. (A,B) presented the anterior and posterior routes of LA conduction, respectively. The definition of LA conduction routes was as reported previously by Kurata et al. []. All anterior and posterior routes originated at the LA septum (red dots) and ended at the lateral mitral annulus (purple dots). They went along the anterior wall-appendage-LA appendage orifice (A) and the superior LA (roof)-posterior wall-left inferior pulmonary vein routes (B), respectively []. (C) showed the regional classification of LA, as described previously by Huo et al. []. Landmarks (black dots): MA12 (MA at 12 o’clock); MA4 (MA at 4); MA7 (MA at 7); MA11 (MA at 11); LS12 (LSPV at 12); RS12 (RSPV at 12); LI6 (LIPV at 6); RI6 (RIPV at 6). Surface regions were defined by: anterior wall, the area around LS12, RS12, MA12 and MA11; septum, the area around RI6, RS12, MA11 and MA7; bottom, the area around MA7, MA4, LI6 and RI6; lateral wall, the area around MA4, MA12, LI6 and LS12; posterior, the area around LI6, RI6, LS12 and RS12 []. Abbreviations: RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RIPV, right inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV, left superior pulmonary vein; LIPV, left inferior pulmonary vein; MA, mitral isthmus; LA, left atrium.