PMC

Mean phase relationship between time of locomotor activity and lights-off. The animals experiencing SAT at ZT 4 and ZT 10 began and ended activity significantly earlier than the control animals that were handled and provided with water at ZT 4. SAT ZT 4 animals also began activity earlier than animals with SAT at ZT 10, but they did not end activity earlier after lights off (* p < 0.05, activity onset before dark differs between SAT ZT 10 and SAT ZT 4, † p < 0.001; activity onset before dark differs between Control and SAT at ZT 4; ** p < 0.001, activity offset differs between Control and SAT at ZT 4).

Mean phase relationship between time of diurnal locomotor activity and time of SAT training. Activity began and ended significantly earlier, relative to training, for animals with SAT at ZT 10 than SAT at ZT 4. The control animals that were handled and provided with water at ZT 4 differ significantly from both SAT groups for activity onset, cessation and duration (* p < 0.001, SAT ZT10 and SAT ZT 4 differ for activity onset; ** p < 0.001, Control and SAT ZT 4 differ for activity onset; † p< 0.001, SAT ZT 10 and SAT ZT 4 differ for activity offset; ‡ p < 0.05, Control and SAT ZT 4 differ for activity offset).

Relationship between termination burst and low-intensity MLR stimulation. A1, In semi-intact preparations, stop cells were recorded in control condition (top) and when a second MLR stimulation of low intensity (50% of control) was delivered 5 s after the first MLR stimulation had ended (bottom). A2, Raster plot (top) and peristimulus histogram (bottom; bin size = 1 s) illustrating the cellular activity of stop cells (n = 15 trials in 3 animals)aligned to the onset of the second MLR stimulation (dashed red line). B1, Representation of cellular activity of maintain cells that display spiking activity throughout the swimming episode (recorded in another animal). Maintain cells were recorded during MLR-induced swimming (control condition, top) and when the MLR was stimulated a second time with low intensity (50% of control; bottom). B2, Raster plot and peristimulus histogram representing spiking activity of maintain cells (n = 16 trials in 4 animals) aligned to the onset of MLR stimulation of low intensity (dashed line).

(A) Experimental design for rats exposed by whole-body inhalation of aerosols generated during MMA-SS welding at concentration of 20 mg/m³ × 3 h/d × 4 d/wk × 5 wk. Control animals were exposed to filtered air. At 12 wk after the WF exposure ended, rats were euthanized, brains were collected, and processed for isolation of gDNA, RNA or protein as described in methods. (B) SEM image of collected stainless steel WF. Note the welding particles were a combination of amorphous material (asterisks) and finer chain-like agglomerates composed of nanometer-sized, spherical primary particles. (C) Representative particle size distribution graph of WF that illustrates mass concentration, M, versus particle size, aerodynamic diameter; MMAD = 390 nm.