PMC

(A) Single-cell diagram. (B-D) Evolution of place fields for the case in which an extra current is applied to the postsynaptic neuron while the animal traverses a small section (15%) of the track. Yellow bar indicates the induction region in which the extra current is applied. Dashed line indicates the position of the peak of the initial place field. Blue arrow indicates the first induction lap (lap 100). Red curve shows the evolution of the novelty signal over laps. (B) Place field evolution for 1 induction lap. Place fields are not disturbed following the application of extra current. (C) Place field evolution for 5 induction laps. Place fields are removed by the application of extra current. (D) Place field evolution for 15 induction laps. Place fields are shifted towards a new position determined by the region of extra current application. (E-F) Evolution of place fields for the case in which an extra current is applied to the postsynaptic neuron while the animal traverses a large section (45%) of the track. Yellow bar indicates the induction region in which the extra current is applied. Dashed line indicates the position of the peak of the initial place field. Blue arrow indicates the first induction lap (lap 100). Red curve shows the evolution of the novelty signal over laps. (E) Place field evolution for 1 induction laps. Place fields are removed by the application of extra current. (F) Place field evolution for 15 induction laps. Place fields are removed by the application of extra current. (G) Number of induction laps required to remove stable place field for small and large induction areas. (H) Number of induction laps required to shift place field location for small and large induction areas. (I) Evolution of place fields for the case in which an extra current is applied during exploration of a novel environment (lap 5). The extra current is applied to the postsynaptic neuron while the animal traverses a large section (45%) of the track. Yellow bar indicates the induction region in which the extra current is applied. Dashed line indicates the position of the peak of the initial place field. Blue arrow indicates the first induction lap (lap 5). Red curve shows the evolution of the novelty signal over laps. (J) Number of induction laps required to shift place field location for novel and familiar environments. (K) Evolution of place fields for the case in which the application of an extra current is paired with the resetting of the novelty signal. The extra current is applied to the postsynaptic neuron while the animal traverses a small section (15%) of the track. Yellow bar indicates the induction region in which the extra current is applied. Dashed line indicates the position of the peak of the initial place field. Blue arrow indicates the first induction lap (lap 100). Red curve shows the evolution of the novelty signal over laps. Re-setting the novelty signal leads to a reduction in dendritic inhibition across the whole track. Therefore, the in-field activity increases, leading to the reinforcement of the initial place field.

Electrostatic induction current trace induced by walking motion (upper panel), electrostatic induction current trace after passing low-pass filter (middle panel), and distance measurement trace obtained by distance measurement sensor module (lower panel).

Electrostatic induction current trace induced by palm movement (upper panel) and ranging trace obtained by ranging sensor module (lower panel).

Induction of persistent currents modifies the frequency current (f-I) relationship in B48. A, Induction of the inward current increases the slope of the f-I plot. The f-I relationship was determined (1) in rested preparations (A1), (2) in rested preparations with dynamic clamp addition of the inward current at 100% g_max (A2), and (3) 30 s after repeated CBI-2 stimulation (10 cycles, 30 s interstimulus interval) (A3). A4, Group data are plotted along with data obtained with dynamic clamp addition of the inward current at 80% g_max. Effects of dynamic clamp current addition and ingestive priming are similar: both increased the slope of the f-I plot (N = 6). B, Induction of the outward current decreases the slope of the f-I plot. The f-I relationship was determined (1) in rested preparations (B1), (2) in rested preparations with dynamic clamp addition of the outward current at 100% g_max (B2), and (3) 30 s after repeated EN stimulation (2 min ∼5 cycles) (B3). B4, Group data are along with data obtained with dynamic clamp addition of the inward current at 80% g_max. Effects of dynamic clamp current addition and egestive priming are similar: both decreased the slope of the f-I plot (N = 6).