PMC

Lower middle income country: Gross National Income per capita in current USD is between 1,036–4,045. Upper middle income country: Gross National Income per capita in current USD is between 4,046–12,535. High income country: Gross National Income per capita in current USD is more than 12,535 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA, https://hub.arcgis.com/datasets/; ).

The samples in Qinghai and Gansu are divided into three terciles, based on the 2010 household income per capita. a Total income per capita for the whole sample in Qinghai and Gansu; b total income per capita for high-income group; c total income per capita for middle-income group; d total income per capita for low-income group.

Compared to the actual income distribution, the optimal income distribution shows higher income in the lower quintiles and less income in the highest quintile.

 a Violin plot showing the level of household income in GS:SFHS plotted against the standardized polygenic score of income in each group. Median and interquartile range are plotted. Summary data from the income GWAS performed in UK Biobank were used to derive PGRSs. Red line indicates a standardized polygenic score of 0. b The average level of household income for the five PGRSs is shown. Summary data from the income GWAS performed in UK Biobank were used to derive PGRSs. The y-axis corresponds to the 5-point classification of household income in Generation Scotland. Above the red line indicates a level of household income between £30,000 and £50,000 and below indicates a level of household income between £10,000 and £30,000 in Generation Scotland. Error bars represent ± 1 SE. c The variance accounted for by each of the five P value cutoffs for the PGRS. Light orange indicates that the income phenotype derived in UK Biobank was used to generate polygenic risk scores along with Generation Scotland. The dark orange bars indicate instances of where the MTAG phenotype derived using income and educational attainment was used to derive polygenic risk scores in Generation Scotland. Summary data from the income GWAS performed in UK Biobank, and the MTAG analysis of income was used to derive PGRSs. All results can be found in Supplementary Table .