PMC

Herd 1 (A), herd 2 (B), herd 3 (C), herd 4 (D), herd 5 (E), herd 6 (F), and herd 7 (G).

Model parameters: Intercept = 75.24 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 63.42, 87.07] and slope () = 0.44 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.49). The positive relationship indicates that as herd size increases losses also increases: increasing herd size by one animal in 1998 increases the expected losses by 0.44 reindeer. Note that the model parameters are from fitting a model when centring while the plot shows the relationship on the original scale. Hatched line show the relationship from a Generalized Least Square (GLS) model accounting for potential residual heterogeneity (see for details). Showing the linear relationship (on log_e-scale) between pre-collapse () and post-collapse () herd size (B). Points above the shaded area indicate herd increase over the period, while a point on the 45-degree line means that pre- and post-collapse herd size was equal, and points in the shaded region indicate a decrease. The cloud of points above the 45-degree shaded area reflects the overall increase in reindeer abundance for the study area (Fig. 1). Model parameters: Intercept = 2.58 (95% CI: 2.06, 3.09) and slope () = 0.62 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.71). The positive relationship indicates that as pre-collapse herd size increases so does post-collapse herd size: a 1% increase in herd size predicts a 0.62% increase in herd size. Hatched line show the relationship from a GLS model accounting for potential residual heterogeneity (see for details).

Representative genomic profiles identified among S. agalactiae isolates recovered from bovines in Brazil. (A) RAPD-PCR profiles. Lanes 1 and 12, molecular size markers (in base pairs; DNA ladder ranging from 100 to 1,000 bp); lane 2, isolate CL-5594 (serotype II; RAPD clonal group G; Santos Dumont [SAD] herd, 1996); lane 3, isolate CL-5601 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group not nominated; Matozinho [MAT] herd, 1998); lane 4, isolate CL-5637 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group I; CPB herd, 1999); lane 5, isolate CL-5618 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group A; JAG herd, 1999); lane 6, isolate CL-5608 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group A; JAG herd, 1998); lane 7, isolate CL-5612 (serotype III, RAPD clonal group A; JAG herd, 1998); lane 8, isolate CL-5657 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group B; JUF herd, 1999); lane 9, isolate CL-5598 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group E; CPB herd, 1997); lane 10, isolate CL-5664 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group not nominated; CPB herd, 1999); lane 11, isolate CL-5676 (serotype III; RAPD clonal group F; Visconde do Rio Branco [VRB] herd, 2000). (B) PFGE profiles of SmaI-digested DNA. Lane 1, molecular size markers (in kilobases; lambda DNA concatemers ranging from 48.5 to 1,018.5 kb); lane 2, isolate CL-5648 (serotype Ia; PFGE clonal group C; Carmo de Paranaíba [CAP] herd, 1999); lane 3, isolate CL-5669 (serotype Ia; PFGE clonal group not nominated; Propriedade Correia e Silva [PCS] herd, 2000); lane 4, isolate CL-5663 (serotype Ib; PFGE clonal group B; JUF herd, 1999); lane 5, isolate CL-5665 (serotype Ib; PFGE clonal group not nominated; Propriedade Maria Ratto [PMR] herd, 2000); lane 6, isolate CL-5651 (serotype II; PFGE clonal group not nominated; Dona Euzébia [DEU] herd, 1999); lane 7, isolate CL-5660 (serotype II; PFGE clonal group B; JUF herd, 1999); lane 8, isolate CL-5644 (serotype III; PFGE clonal group not nominated; COP herd, 1999); lane 9, isolate CL-5608 (serotype III; PFGE clonal group A; JAG herd, 1998); lane 10, isolate CL-5604 (serotype VI; PFGE clonal group D; Barra Mansa [BAM] herd, 1998). Only clonal groups represented by three or more isolates were named by capital alphabetical letters.

Reindeer numbers are specified for herd A and B from 2002 and onwards, when the two herds began to be separated in winter (before this, all reindeer were kept in one large herd all year). The main owner of herd A (a young herder) built up his herd, explaining the gradual increase in the number of animals in herd A.