PMC

Levels of hangover measures in social/light drinkers (SD), moderate drinkers (MD), and heavy drinkers (HD). (a): Hangover measure “Hangover”. (b): Hangover measure “Thirsty”. (c): Hangover measure “Tired”. (d): Hangover measure “Headache”. (e): Hangover measure “Dizziness”. (f): Hangover measure “Nausea”. (g): Hangover measure “Stomachache”. (h): Hangover measure “Heart-racing” (i): Hangover measure “Loss of appetite”. (j): “Craving”, “loss of appetite”, and “thirsty” measures showed moderate level of hangover severity in heavy drinkers (). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Statistical significance is not described in comparisons when the SD group individuals reported “zero”, as in some measures.

Variability in hangover severity during the day. Best fitting lines are shown. Panel A shows the overall average hangover severity score for all 727 drinkers. Panel B gives a graphical representation of the 3 most common hangover severity patterns over time. Lines represent Severity Type 1 hangover “continuous decline”; Severity Type 2 hangover “steady state hangover”; and (3) Severity Type 3 hangover “inverted U‐shaped curve hangover.”

Presence and severity of symptoms included in hangover symptom scales. Data from n = 1837 social drinkers who reported on their latest past month hangover []. Note: “sensitivity to sound” was not assessed. Abbreviations: HSS = Hangover Symptoms Scale, AHSS = Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale, AHS = Acute Hangover Scale.

Hangover symptom severity. The average score across all subjects is shown for each hangover symptom in (A). (B) shows the hangover severity reported by only those subjects that endorsed the hangover symptom. Error bars represent the standard error.