PMC

(a) TEM image of the sample before gamma ray irradiation; the inset shows the corresponding SAED pattern; (b) TEM image of the sample after gamma ray irradiation; the inset shows the corresponding SAED pattern; (c) HRTEM image of the sample before gamma ray irradiation; (d) HRTEM image of the sample after gamma ray irradiation.

Gamma ray irradiation induces the apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and motility of ECV304 cells. (A) MTT assay shows That gamma ray irradiation inhibits proliferation of ECV304 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Apoptosis assay with flow cytometry shows irradiation increases apoptosis of ECV304 cells. (C and D) Depression of ECV304 cell invasion and migration induced by gamma ray irradiation. Typical micrographs of invading ECV304 cells (C) (original magnification: 200×). Irradiation decreased rates of cell invasion significantly in a dose dependent manner (D). 0 Gy: sham-irradiated, 5 Gy: irradiated with 5 Gy gamma ray, 10 Gy: irradiated with 10 Gy gamma ray, 20 Gy: irradiated with 20 Gy gamma ray. ^bP<0.05, ^cP<0.01 vs without irradiation.

A) Full view γ-ray spectra HPGe of purified ²²³Ra material produced from the microgenerator (fraction eluted at 8.5 mL) (black triangles). The relative components of the spectrum are ²²³Ra and daughters (blue), ²²⁷Th (plain black), ²²⁵Ac (dotted blue), ²²³Fr (green) and ²²⁷Ac (red). B) Fit of γ-ray ²²³Ra samples in the region from 220 to 280 keV. Measurement fit (red) and radioisotopes models (²²³Ra, ²²⁷Th, ²²³Fr/²²⁷Ac) are presented. The components, detector and emission efficiency, used to fit the isotopic models are shown . C) Full view γ-ray spectrum of the acid wash (black triangles). The relative components of the spectrum are ²²³Ra and daughters (blue), ²²⁷Th (black), ²²⁵Ac (dotted), ²²³Fr (green) and of ²²⁷Ac (red). The sample presents traces of ²¹³Bi, daughter of ²²⁵Ac. This is a strong indication of the parent radioisotopes elution and recovery of ²²⁷Ac and ²²⁷Th. D) Fit of γ-ray acid wash (red) in the region from 220 to 280 keV, ²²⁷Th and ²²³Ra models are matching the γ-ray measurements of the column effluent (round plots). E) Full view γ-ray spectrum of the column residual (black triangles). The relative components of the spectrum are ²²³Ra and daughters (blue), ²²⁷Th (black plain), ²²⁵Ac (dotted blue), ²²³Fr (green) and ²²⁷Ac (red). The column shows an apparent reduction of ²²⁵Ac. This is a strong indication that the ²²⁵Ac was removed by acid wash, however ²²⁷Th remains partially adsorbed on the resin. F) Fit of γ-ray column residual (red) in the region from 220 to 280 keV, ²²⁷Th (dash) and ²²³Ra (blue) models are matching the γ-ray measurements of the column effluent (round plots). It shows that both ²²³Ra and ²²⁷Th residual remains on the column after purification and wash off.

Detection efficiencies of two successful heritage HPGe (high-resolution) gamma-ray instruments: the 6.7 × 6.7 cm cylindrical Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer and the 5 cm MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (). The larger size of the Odyssey GRS enables high sensitivity to high-energy gamma-ray lines, including the 4.4 MeV line of carbon and the 6.13 MeV line of oxygen. Both of these lines are needed to determine carbon abundance.