PMC

Pellet durability index of the control and experimental grower diets. SBM = soybean meal diet, f = fine diets, c = coarse diets, fba = fine diet supplemented with butyric acid, cba = coarse diet supplemented with butyric acid, ffc = fine diet supplemented with fermentable carbohydrates, cfc = coarse diet supplemented with fermentable carbohydrates, ffcba = fine diet supplemented with fermentable carbohydrates and butyric acid, and cfcba = coarse diet supplemented with fermentable carbohydrates and butyric acid. Fine: Ingredients passed through an opening screen of 3.0 mm in a hammer mill. Coarse: Ingredients passed through an opening screen of 1.6 mm in a roller mill.

Changes in the weight of total fecal output (g/day) related to dietary fiber intervention (g/day) in healthy individuals. Dietary fiber is grouped according to food origin. Cereal Non-ferm: less fermentable dietary fibers from cereals; Fruit Non-ferm: less fermentable dietary fibers from fruits; Vegetable Non-ferm: less fermentable dietary fibers from vegetables; Cereal Ferm: more fermentable dietary fibers from cereals; Fruit Ferm: more fermentable dietary fibers from fruits; Vegetable Ferm: more fermentable dietary fibers.

Figure 2. The gut microbiome (family-level) at baseline and during the low fermentable substrate diet by relative abundance. LFSD, low fermentable substrate diet.

Fermentation of freeze-dried sugar syrups to ethanol. a Reconstituted mainline sugar syrup at an initial concentration of 150 g/L of fermentable sugars using both S. cerevisiae strain D5A and Z. mobilis strain 8b, b hydrolysed pressate syrup using S. cerevisiae strain D5A reconstituted at an initial concentration of 58.4 g/L fermentable sugars. Fermentable sugars are glucose and mannose for the D5A organism and glucose and xylose for the 8b organism. Results of duplicate experimental determinations shown