PMC

Model tests for codetermination. ODOG and the high-pass model predict qualitatively correct codetermination effects, but retinex does not.

Correlation of ARR and FSRR performance. Symbols represent strain means. Genetic codetermination was greater when tests were administered at the same postethanol time point (n = six to eight per strain per test). (A) Strain mean latency to fall (sec) immediately after 2 g/kg ethanol on the FSRR plotted against mean change from baseline latency to fall (sec) on the ARR 30 min after 2 g/kg. (B) Percent of mice passing a 3-min criterion test 30 min after 1.75 g/kg ethanol on the FSRR plotted against the strain mean change from baseline latency to fall (sec) on the ARR 30 min after 1.75 g/kg ethanol.

Directional genome-wide LOD scores resulting from QTL analysis for the MADR (solid line) and MASENS (dotted line) short-term selected lines in the S2 and S5 generations. Positive LOD scores indicate that the D2 strain allele confers higher trait scores, while negative LOD scores indicate that the B6 allele confers higher trait scores. The genetic correlation between the two traits is also shown, indicating a statistically significant degree of genetic codetermination between the two behavioral traits in both generations. Horizontal dashed lines indicate genome-wide significance threshold based on permutation tests ().

Genetic pleiotropy: Codetermination of traits in twin pairs. The diagonal lines are the theoretical lines of identity (Y= X). Results are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. for the covariance estimates, plotting RhoG (genetic covariance) as a function of RhoE (environmental covariance). Significance of RhoG or RhoE estimates is shown by P values. *P < 0.05. (a) Genetic pleiotropy for leptin with correlated traits; (b) genetic pleiotropy for BMI with correlated traits. BMI, body mass index; CHGA, chromogranin A; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA, HOMeostatic Assessment model.