PMC

The average camber (a,c) across the wing and (b,d) through the wingbeat for the (a,b) hindwing and (c,d) forewing of the four locusts. The solid lines show the mean instantaneous camber for each locust (red, L1; green, L2; blue, L3; black, L4) and the shaded region around those lines displays the instantaneous standard deviation. (a,c) The camber at the mid-downstroke against percentage distance along the wing. Both wings show a negative correlation between the camber and the percentage distance along the wing. (b,d) The camber at 50% wing length against normalized time. The solid vertical line indicates the mean timing of the end of the hindwing downstroke in (b) and the mean timing of the end of the forewing downstroke in (d). The dashed vertical line indicates the average start time of the forewing downstroke in (d). Camber increases during the downstroke until t̂=0.4, when it reaches a maximum of approximately 8% for both wings. Camber is negative during the upstroke for the hindwing, but is only negative for one locust (L3) for the forewing.

Morphological basis of twist and camber generation. The figure shows the forewing and hindwing of locust L4 at the (a) early and (b) late downstroke (t̂=0.2 and 0.4, respectively). The green wisps at the wing tips show the immediate time history of the wing-tip position to convey a sense of the wing's motion. Nine local aerofoil sections are shown to illustrate the camber distribution. The chordwise mesh elements for each section are coloured according to their own local angle of incidence to illustrate the twist distribution. Early in the downstroke (a), the positive camber of the hindwing results from the negative incidence of its remigium () relative to the rest of the hindwing. Similarly, the positive camber of the forewing early in the downstroke results from the negative incidence of the anterior panel of its remigium relative to the rest of the forewing. Late in the downstroke (b), the positive camber of the hindwing is increased by the umbrella effect operating in the vannus (; see the text for discussion). The positive camber of the forewing is sharply increased at this stage of the stroke by the rotation of the clavus ().

A self-designed mechanism for rear-wheel camber adjustment. The mechanism was mounted on the wheelchair to adjust the rear-wheel camber.

The result camber data inspected from the MCU-based system with a camber angle of .