PMC

Biodegradation of benzene in enriched cultures under nitrate-reducing (closed squares, replicates from experiment 1; open squares, replicates from experiment 2), sulfate-reducing (closed triangles, replicates from one experiment), and methanogenic (closed circles, replicates from experiment 1; open circles, replicates from experiment 2) conditions. (A) Concentration of benzene versus time during biodegradation of benzene in enriched cultures. Error bars represent ±5% error on individual benzene concentrations. Note that the scale on the x axis is different for the methanogenic experiment. (B) δ¹³C of remaining benzene versus fraction of benzene remaining during biodegradation of benzene. The error on the x axis is ±7%, based on the propagation of ±5% error through the equation for the fraction of benzene remaining (concentration at time t/initial concentration). All error bars on δ¹³C values represent ±0.5‰ (incorporating both accuracy and reproducibility [see text]). The dashed lines represent ±0.5‰ error on the mean δ¹³C values for all controls. (C) δ²H of remaining benzene versus fraction of benzene remaining during biodegradation of benzene. The error on the x axis is ±7%, based on the propagation of ±5% error through the equation for fraction of benzene remaining (concentration at time t/initial concentration). All error bars on δ²H values represent ±5‰ (incorporating both accuracy and reproducibility [see text]). The dashed lines represent ±5‰ error on the mean δ²H values for all controls.

a, Benzene adsorption isotherms of BUT-53 to BUT-58 at 298 K. b, Logarithmic-scale plots of P/P₀ to view the benzene adsorption of BUT-53 to BUT-58 at low partial pressure. c, Benzene uptakes of BUT-53 to BUT-58 compared with representative porous sorbents at low relative pressure. d, Benzene breakthrough curves for BUT-55 and Co(BDP) recorded at different relative humidities at 298 K.

a Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G100 (ChCl:Gly + 0%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. b Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G80Et20 (ChCl:Gly + 20%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. c Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G60Et40 (ChCl:Gly + 40%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. d Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G50Et50 (ChCl:Gly + 50%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. e Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G40Et60 (ChCl:Gly + 60%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. f Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G20Et80 (ChCl:Gly + 80%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. g Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + G5Et95 (ChCl:Gly + 95%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure

a Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E100 (ChCl:EG + 0%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. b Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E80Et20 (ChCl:EG + 20%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. c: Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E60Et40 (ChCl:EG + 40%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. d Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E50Et50 (ChCl:EG + 50%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. e Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E40Et60 (ChCl:EG + 60%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. f Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E20Et80 (ChCl:EG + 80%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure. g Experimental ternary diagram/tie lines for the n-hexane + benzene + E5Et95 (ChCl:EG + 95%EtOH) at temperature 303 K and atmospheric pressure