PMC

Blood pH, PaCO₂, and in the whole population with RTT as a function of acid-base balance patterns. (A) Blood pH. Post-hoc analysis (Conover test): *p < 0.05 vs. all the other categories with the single exception of normal acid-base balance. ^§vs. compensated respiratory alkalosis + metabolic acidosis, fully compensated respiratory alkalosis, mixed respiratory alkalosis/metabolic acidosis, and normal acid-base balance. ^#vs. normal acid-base balance. (B) Blood PaCO₂. Post-hoc analysis (Conover test):*p < 0.05 vs. all the other categories. ^§vs. compensated respiratory alkalosis + metabolic acidosis, fully compensated respiratory alkalosis, and partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. ^#vs. partially compensated respiratory alkalosis and normal acid-base balance. (C) Blood . Post-hoc analysis (Conover test): *p < 0.05 vs. compensated respiratory alkalosis + metabolic acidosis, mixed respiratory alkalosis/metabolic acidosis, and partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. ^§vs. compensated respiratory alkalosis + metabolic acidosis and partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. PaCO₂, partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide; , arterial bicarbonate. Data are shown as box and whisker plots. Bars represent medians and inter-quartile ranges. Red rectangle indicates outlier data point. Normal range values (consensus definitions) are highlighted in light blue.

The spike encoding processes of cortical GABAergic neurons are more vulnerable to alkalosis than acidosis by their influence on refractory periods and threshold potentials mediated by voltage-gated sodium channels. A) Superimposed waveforms show refractory periods measured by identical protocols under the conditions of control (red trace), acidosis (blue) and alkalosis (dark-blue). B) shows statistical results in the net changes of spike RPs under the conditions of acidosis (gray bar) and alkalosis (dark-gray, an asterisk, p < 0.05; n = 15). C) illustrates ΔVts under the conditions of acidosis (gray bar) and alkalosis (dark-gray, an asterisk, p < 0.05; n = 15).

The acid-base findings plotted on Stinebaugh-Austin diagram []. Where mixed defects are as follows: 1, metabolic and respiratory acidosis; 2, respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis; and 3, metabolic and respiratory alkalosis.

Cortical GABAergic synapses are more vulnerable to alkalosis than acidosis. A~C) Waveforms from top to bottom panels show the recorded sIPSCs under the conditions of control (A), acidosis (B) and alkalosis (C), respectively. The bottom waveforms from each of them are sIPSCs expanded from asterisk-indicated events. Calibration bars are 10 pA, 200 ms for top traces and 5 ms for the expanded traces. D) shows statistical comparison in the net changes (Δ) of sIPSC amplitudes versus cumulative changes under the conditions of acidosis versus control (open symbols) and alkalosis versus control (dark symbols, n = 10; p < 0.05). E) illustrates the statistical comparison in the net changes (Δ) of inter-sIPSC-intervals versus cumulative changes under the conditions of acidosis versus control (open symbols) and alkalosis versus control (dark symbols, p < 0.01; n = 10).