PMC

A. Partial-thickness PP injury in a 59-year-old woman is shown. The long-axis view of the PP shows a partial-thickness defect (arrows) at the lateral distal PP of the second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. B. Full-thickness PP injury in a 75-year-old woman is shown. The long-axis view of the PP shows a full-thickness defect (arrows) at the distal PP of the second MTP joint. C. A complete tear of the PP in a 75-year-old woman is shown. A long-axis view of the plantar side of MTP joint shows a complete absence (arrows) of the PP beneath the flexor tendon (FT) and the tendon directly abuts the metatarsal head (MH). Note the "cartilage interface sign," which is a well-visualized hyperechoic surface of the MH cartilage (arrowheads) because of the absence of PP. P, proximal phalanx.

Test samples TGM 1 to TGM 6 after carrying out the Schlyter test. (TGM1: PP + 5%Gra, TGM2: PP + 5%Gra + 5%AlPh, TGM3: PP + 5%Gra + 5%MMT, TGM4: PP + 5%Gra + 5%AlPh + 5%MMT, TGM5: PP + 5%Gra + 5%MgOH, TGM6: PP + 5%MgOH).

(A) Sample traces of somatic voltage responses in response to somatic current injection (I) and a single PP stimulus (PP) from a CA2 PN. Inset shows the dV/dt of the AP waveforms. Arrow indicates the dendrite spike with PP stimulation. (B) Phase-plane plots of dV/dt vs instantaneous voltage from data shown in (A). Note, the arrow indicates a dendrite spike preceding a full-blown AP. (C) Pooled data of AP threshold induced by somatic current injections (I) vs PP stimulation (PP) (n = 17). Filled circle: constant current injection. Open circle: EPSC-like current injection. AP threshold defined as the somatic voltage at which dV/dt exceeds 10 V/s (left) or 50 V/s (right). ***p < 0.001. (D) Sample traces of somatic voltage responses in response to somatic current injection (I) and high-frequency (50 Hz, 5 pulses) burst PP stimulation (PP) from a CA1 PN. Inset shows the dV/dt of AP waveforms. (E) Phase-plane plots of dV/dt vs instantaneous voltage from data shown in (D). Note, the phase plot from somatic current injection (I) is identical with that from PP stimulation (PP). (F) Pooled data of AP threshold induced by somatic current injections (I) vs PP stimulation (PP) (n = 16). Filled circle: constant current injection. Open circle: EPSC-like current injection. AP threshold defined as the somatic voltage at which dV/dt exceeds 10 V/s (left) or 50 V/s (right). n.s., not significant.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04551.005

(A) Weight change in EW-fed PP^– (PPlackEW, n = 18); EW-fed PP⁺, (PPnormalEW, n = 17; CN-fed PP^– (PPlackCN, n = 8); and CN-fed PP⁺ (PPnormalCN, n = 8) mice. Value significantly (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01) different between those for PP^– and PP⁺ EW-fed OVA23-3 mice. (B) Jejunal sections. (C) alkaline phosphatase activity in the jejunum (PPlackEW, n = 6; PPnormalEW, n = 3). (D) Proliferation of (left panel) and IL-4 production by (right panel) MLN CD4⁺ T-cells from PP^– or PP⁺ EW-fed OVA23-3 mice on day 3. Data are representative of two or three experiments.