PMC

Black line/bars: CC, n = 13 neurons from 8 mice; red line/bars: CW, n = 13 neurons from 6 mice. (A) Averaged AP waveforms showing increased amplitude in CW cells (CC, 85.28 ± 0.2914 mV; CW, 97.52 ± 0.1081 mV; amplitude only analyzed for drive currents > 120 pA; CC, n = 97 APs; CW, n = 118; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.0001). (B) Time-aligned second derivative of AP waveform (d²V/dt²). (C) Magnification of boxed area in B; second derivative peaks illustrating significantly increased acceleration and increased peak-to-peak time in CW neurons (error bars represent SEM). (D) Comparison of phase plot of AP waveforms (dVdt/ dt) from CC and CW neurons. (E) Increased voltage acceleration in CW AIS (CC, n = 118 APs; CW, n = 139; Mann-Whitney U test, *P < 0.0001). (F) Increased delay between AIS and somatic peaks (CC, n = 103 APs; CW, n = 124; Mann-Whitney U test; *P < 0.0001). (G) Comparison of temperature sensitivity of AIS kinetics. Red solid (CW) and black (CC) lines are recordings made at 34°C as shown in D. Blue traces are recordings from the same genotypes but made at 22°C recording temperature (CW, light blue; CC, dark blue; CC, n = 71 APs from 8 cells; CW, n = 57 APs from 6 cells; P = 0.91, Student’s t test). Time bar: 0.5 ms or 0.1 ms (C); Vm bar: 20 mV; d²/V/dt² bar: 1000 mV/s^–2.

Unrooted phylogenetic tree containing cell wall-type invertase-like cDNA-derived amino acid sequences. Four groups can be discerned. I, Maize cell wall invertase (CW INV) 1, 2, and 3; and wheat CW INV. II, Broad bean CW INV1; carrot CW INV 1, 2, and 3; potato CW INV1, E, and F; tomato CW INV5; and Arabidopsis CW INV2 and 3. III, Arabidopsis CW INV, CW INV1, and 5; broad bean CW INV2; pea CW INV; and Chenopodium rubrum CWINV 1 and Fragaria × ananassa CW INV; IV, Maize CW INV4; rice CW INV; Arabidopsis fructosidase; and chicory 1-FEH I, IIa, and IIb. pIs, as well as cDNA names or accession numbers, are given between brackets in the figure. The scale bar indicates a distance value of 0.1.

(A) Southern blot hybridization of the GS probe with EcoRI-digested genomic DNA from L. monocytogenes ScottA and representative strains of other bacterial genera. Lanes 1 and 15, 1-kb DNA ladder size standards; lane 2, A. hydrophila ATCC 49140; lane 3, C. jejuni ATCC 29428; lane 4, E. coli M177 (serotype O157:H7); lane 5, S. enteritidis ATCC 13076; lane 6, S. sonnei; lane 7, Y. enterocolitica ATCC 23715; lane 8, L. monocytogenes; lane 9, B. cereus ATCC 11778; lane 10, C. perfringens P. I.; lane 11, E. faecalis ATCC 19433; lane 12, L. acidophilus N2; lane 13, M. luteus; lane 14, S. aureus ATCC 12600. (B) RFLP analysis of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA from 16 strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from six brands of hot dogs. Lanes 1 and 20, 1-kb DNA ladder size standard; lane 2, L. monocytogenes Scott A; lanes 3 to 18, L. monocytogenes hot dog isolates CW 2, CW 39, CW 7, CW 28, CW 33, CW 14, CW 34, CW 32, CW 35, CW 43, CW 44, CW 45, CW 50, CW 52, CW 70, and CW 72, respectively; lane 19, L. innocua PMM 355.

Vertical distribution of sludge concentration in the test pipe sections. (a) no. 1 pipe section, C_w = 2.38%; (b) no. 1 pipe section, C_w = 3.94%; (c) no. 1 pipe section, C_w = 5.39%; (d) no. 2 pipe section, C_w = 2.38%; (e) no. 2 pipe section, C_w = 3.94%; (f) no. 2 pipe section, C_w = 5.39%; (g) no. 3 pipe section, C_w = 2.38%; (h) no. 3 pipe section, C_w = 3.94%; (i) no. 3 pipe section, C_w = 5.39%; (j) no. 4 pipe section, C_w = 2.38%; (k) no. 4 pipe section, C_w = 3.94%; and (l) no. 4 pipe section, C_w = 5.39%.