SRA

The chromatin remodeller ATRX interacts with the histone chaperone DAXX, to deposit the histone variant H3.3 at sites of nucleosome turnover. ATRX is known to bind repetitive, heterochromatic regions of the genome including telomeres, ribosomal DNA and pericentric repeats many of which are putative G-quadruplex forming sequences (PQS). At these sites ATRX plays an ancillary role in a wide range of nuclear processes facilitating replication, chromatin modification and transcription. Here, using an improved protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that ATRX also binds active regulatory elements in euchromatin. Mutations in ATRX lead to perturbation of gene expression associated with a reduction in chromatin accessibility, histone modification, transcription factor binding and deposition of H3.3 at the sequences to which it normally binds. In erythroid cells where down regulation of a-globin expression is a hallmark of ATR-X syndrome, perturbation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression occurs in only a subset of cells. The stochastic nature of this process suggests that ATRX acts as a general facilitator of cell specific transcriptional and epigenetic programmes, both in heterochromatin and euchromatin. Overall design: To identify regulatory interactions at ATRX binding sites, we performed high resolution chromatin conformation capture (3C) using NG CaptureC (Davies 2016). NG CaptureC was performed in human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from three unaffected donors and three patients with ATR-X syndrome. Capture was performed with biotinylated oligonucleotides targeting sequences adjacent to DpnII sites.