In the Morris water maze, a task widely used to study spatial learning and memory in laboratory rodents, several parameters are employed to estimate cognitive abilities of animals by analyzing their swim path characteristics. An isolated view based on any one of these parameters is not always satisfactory, so multivariate procedures (factor analyses) are used to weight the parameters in context with the others. This method sheds light on some subtle differences in experimental animals' spatial memories or strategies. However, this approach has some subjective problems, because the definition of the parameters depends on the experimenter's opinion of appropriate measures; therefore, we suggest a bottom-up rather than a top-down analysis of swim paths by means of spatial coordinates. In the present study, swim paths were normalized to 100-element vectors and then subjected to a principal components analysis. Swim paths could be sufficiently described in terms of only three components, each of which accounted for specific characteristics of the trajectories. We found significant differences in swim path patterns between test groups of rats that could not be discriminated via standard water maze parameters. Thus, the components can be related to different aspects of spatial cognition not detectable by commonly used parameters.