Over the past decade, with the advent of hematopoietic growth factors, major strides have been made and multiple studies have attempted to define the use of these cytokines in acute leukemia. It is perhaps disappointing that, after so many studies, so many questions remain. Nevertheless, the role of cytokines in induction therapy seems to be established, although questions remain around the issue of priming therapy. Intriguing data regarding the potential for enhancing antimicrobial function should hopefully be resolved over the next few years. What is perhaps most reassuring is that the issue of safety, which for a considerable period of time precluded the development of clinical trials in acute leukemia, has been firmly laid to rest. The use of growth factors to protect normal stem cells during treatment of leukemia and to induce leukemic cell differentiation has not yet been the subject of many clinical trials. Also, growth factors are likely targets for the interruption of autocrine leukemic blast or progenitor cell growth, but again, few clinical observations are published. With the ongoing cloning of new growth factors active both in normal hematopoiesis and in leukemogenesis, the role of growth factor use in the treatment of AML will likely be the basis for much future preclinical and clinical activity.