Autonomic nervous system (ANS) function was evaluated in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) before and after therapy, in an effort to evaluate the role of anemia in the genesis of autonomic dysfunction in chronic renal failure (CRF). Studies were conducted using a battery of five cardiovascular reflex tests: Valsalva maneuver, handgrip exercise, heart rate response to standing (30:15 index), post-Valsalva rise in blood pressure and postural drop in blood pressure. The patients were divided into two groups: group I consisted of 14 patients on maintenance hemodialysis treated with rHu-EPO for one year, and group II-13 hemodialysis patients treated with rHu-EPO for two years. The results of the tests were compared before and after the correction of anemia by rHu-EPO in each group, as well as with the control group of ten healthy subjects. Data show that renal anemia is not implicated in the genesis of ANS dysfunction in hemodialysis patients, since correction of same by rHu-EPO does not improve the autonomic dysfunction.