Purpose: To characterize the clinical features in patients with presumed ocular tuberculosis (TB) and determine prognostic factors of visual outcomes and complications in this disease.
Material and methods: Retrospective case series of 35 patients (29 females, 6 males) with presumed ocular TB from referral centers in Chile and Spain between 2002 and 2012. Medical records were reviewed, and data regarding clinical features, complications, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), duration of disease, extraocular manifestations, and therapy were retrieved. Prognostic factors for low vision (BCVA 20/50 or less), legal blindness (BCVA 20/200 or less), and complications (cataract, glaucoma, and macular lesion) were evaluated. To calculate correlations, we used Spearman's rank correlation test. To determine clinical predictors, we used the binary logistic regression test.
Results: Anterior and non-granulomatous uveitis was the most common types of inflammation. Only 2 (5.7%) patients had respiratory symptoms, and 6 (17.1%) patients had an abnormal chest X-ray at diagnosis. All patients received combined antitubercular therapy with a mean duration of 6.9 ± 2.3 months. A longer duration of symptoms at diagnosis was associated with both low vision and legal blindness. Older patients had a higher risk of legal blindness. A longer duration of symptoms as well as anterior inflammation demonstrated an increased risk for cataract formation. The duration of the symptoms and baseline BCVA had a positive correlation with the final BCVA. Prognostic factors of macular lesions were not found.
Conclusions: The diagnosis of ocular TB can be difficult due to the lack of extraocular manifestations and the broad spectrum of ocular features. A longer duration of symptoms at diagnosis was associated with poorer visual outcomes and cataracts. Therefore, efforts should be made to avoid a delay in the diagnosis of ocular TB and to identify prognostic factors for visual outcomes and complications.
Keywords: Complications; case series; ocular tuberculosis; prognostic factors; visual outcomes.