PTSD and gender: could gender differences in war trauma types, symptom clusters and risk factors predict gender differences in PTSD prevalence?

Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018 Dec;21(6):725-733. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0849-7. Epub 2018 May 25.

Abstract

The female-male ratio in the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is approximately 2:1. Gender differences in experienced trauma types, PTSD symptom clusters, and PTSD risk factors are unclear. We aimed to address this gap using a cross-sectional design. A sample of 991 civilians (522 women, 469 men) from South Lebanon was randomly selected in 2007, after the 2006 war. Trauma types were grouped into disaster and accident, loss, chronic disease, non-malignant disease, and violence. PTSD symptom clusters involved re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. These were assessed using parts I and IV of the Arabic version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Risk factors were assessed using data from a social support and life events questionnaire in multiple regression models. Females were twice as likely as males to score above PTSD threshold (24.3 vs. 10.4%, p ˂ 0.001). Total scores on all trauma types were similar across genders. Females scored higher on all symptom clusters (p < 0.001). Social support, social life events, witnessed traumas, and domestic violence significantly were associated with PTSD in both genders. Social support, social life events, witnessed traumas and domestic violence were significantly associated with PTSD in both genders. Conversely, gender difference in experienced traumas was not statistically significant. These findings accentuate the need to re-consider the role of gender in the assessment and treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Civilian population; Gender; PTSD; South Lebanon; Symptom clusters; Trauma types.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Behavioral Symptoms* / diagnosis
  • Behavioral Symptoms* / epidemiology
  • Behavioral Symptoms* / etiology
  • Behavioral Symptoms* / psychology
  • Chronic Disease* / epidemiology
  • Chronic Disease* / psychology
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Exposure to Violence* / psychology
  • Exposure to Violence* / statistics & numerical data
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Lebanon / epidemiology
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Prevalence
  • Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
  • Risk Factors
  • Sex Factors
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / diagnosis
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / epidemiology
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / etiology
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / psychology
  • War-Related Injuries* / classification
  • War-Related Injuries* / complications
  • War-Related Injuries* / psychology