Malnutrition is a well-recognized comorbid condition in dialysis patients that contributes to the increased mortality seen in these patients. Multiple interventions have been tried in an effort to decrease mortality. The most controversial of these is intradialytic parenteral nutrition. In an era of high costs and shrinking budgets, it is important to critically examine published data to determine the quality of the data and to determine whether the reported results are valid and clinically applicable. Using an evidence-based approach, all published literature concerning intradialytic parenteral nutrition was reviewed, quality of the data determined, number needed to treat (NNT) calculated, and potential costs of treatment determined. Twenty-four studies that met the search criteria were identified. Only three studies were randomized; one of these was a feasibility study, and the other two were only of level B quality. The remaining studies were either case reports or observational studies of level C quality. The absolute risk reduction in mortality with intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) usage ranged from 0.12 to 0.65; relative risk reduction ranged from 0.48 to 0.74; NNT ranged from 2 to 17; cost ranged from $150,000,000 to $877,500,000; and 588 to 9,750 patients might be expected to experience a decrease in mortality. The results of this review indicate that the data supporting the use of IDPN are weak and a clear recommendation cannot be made. IDPN use in hemodialysis patients seems to be associated with decreased mortality. IDPN should be available for use in patients who meet previously published guidelines and who are not normoalbuminemic.