Rats with complete subdiaphragmatic bilateral transection of the abdominal vagus (Vgx-C) showed disordered food-related drinking when drinking water in temporal association with a meal of dry food after 5-hr food deprivation and when drinking water in association with a liquid meal after 24-hr food deprivation. The Vgx-C rats drank after significantly longer latencies and drank significantly less water in 1 hr than did sham-vagotomized (Sham) rats after eating the same size meal (solid or liquid) as Shams. Rats with incomplete vagal transection (Vgx-I) ate and drank like Shams. Water intake of Sham and Vgx-I rats correlated positively with the meal size of solid food, but the water intake of Vgx-C rats did not. The failure of Vgx-C rats to drink water normally when food was ingested was not due to failure of a food stimulus to reach the intestine, because Vgx-C and Sham rats emptied equivalent volumes of liquid food from the stomach into the intestine within 10 min of food entering the stomach. These results indicate that the abdominal vagus is an important neurological substrate for food-related drinking in the rat.