Fifty-four Merino crossbred sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotype 20 (BTV-20) by the intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal routes. BTV-20 was successfully transmitted by Culicoides (Avaritia) spp. No. 5 to two additional sheep. Clinical and pathological effects were studied. In the artificially infected sheep, clinical signs were observed after an incubation period of 6 to 10 days and consisted of pyrexia, oral and subcutaneous hyperaemia mild oedema of the ears, face and lips, and coronitis. The major internal pathological changes were petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the tunica media of the pulmonary artery near its junction with the heart and mild haemorrhage and mild oedema in the intestines, coronet, lips, cheeks and ears. Viraemia was detected between day 2 and day 14 post inoculation. The two sheep infected by insect transmission were mildly affected and became viraemic between 16 and 19 days after transmission. No deaths occurred and under experimental conditions BTV-20 caused only mild disease in housed sheep. To date there has been no reported outbreak of natural bluetongue infection in Australia. Compared to other serotypes BTV-20 appears to be of low pathogenicity in sheep.